Environmental scanning electron

ESEM environmental scanning electron microscope ESI electron spectroscopic imaging... 

ECD (1) Electron-capture detector (2) Electrochemical detector E-SEM, ESEM Environmental scanning electron microscopy... 

Following early ETEM investigations using environmental cells, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) has been developed for characterization of surface effects of bulk SEM samples in the presence of gaseous or wet environments (111-114). The method has been applied to the examination of food, wool fibers (111), and polymers (112) and in the conservation of cultural properties (113). Recently, fuel cell catalysts have been characterized using a low-voltage ESEM with a resolution capability of 2 nm (114). 

Figure 5.2 Environmental scanning electron photomicrographs of fibres of a chemically pulped (sulfite process) softwood (a) before refining and (b) after refining.

In related work, Dong and coworkers reported using the hydrophobic IL [C4CiIm][PFg] mixed with MWCNs to form two types of MEs [35,36]. In one report, MWCNs were mixed with [C4CiIm][PFJ and applied to a GC electrode [35]. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) images of the films showed homogeneously dispersed island-like particles that open up into a number of rope-like 3-D networks. They incorporated GOx into... 

Wet samples can be analyzed without a previous preparation by the so-called environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). In this technique, instead of the vacuum conditions, the sample chamber is kept in a modest gas pressure (Bache and Donald, 1998). The upper part of the column (illumination source) is kept in high vacuum conditions. A system of differential pumps allows to create a pressure gradient through the column (Bache and Donald, 1998 Stokes and Donald, 2000). The choice of the gas depends on the kind of food hydrated food is kept under water vapor. 

Bache, I.C. and Donald, A.M. 1998. The structure of the gluten network in dough A study using environmental scanning electron microscopy. J. Cereal Sci. 28, 127-133. 

Stokes, D.J. and Donald, M. 2000. In situ mechanical testing of dry and hydrated breadcrumb in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). J. Mater. Sci. 35, 599-607. 

The picture presented in Figs. 4 and 5 have been made with an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (XL30 ESEM FEG, FEI Philips, The Netherlands). 

STUDY OF DRYING SHRINKAGE CRACKING BY LATTICE GAS AUTOMATON AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE... 

Fig. 12.7. Assessment of channel length of SAP-defined source-drain electrodes (A) top-view environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) image of channel region (B) Scanning Kelvin probe microscopy of...

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