Scaling validation

The CCT program involves a number of projects that achieve reduction of SO, NO, and particulate emissions in a single processing unit. The technologies described arc uniquely combined to achieve project goals and, at the same time, to provide commercial-scale validation of technologies for utilities to consider in order to meet environmental standards. 

Raha K, Merz KM. Large-scale validation of a quantum mechanics based scoring function predicting the binding affinity and the binding mode of a diverse set of protein-ligand complexes. J Med Chem 2005 48 4558-75. 

D. J. Batstone, J. Keller, R.B. Newell, and M. Newland. Model development and full scale validation for anaerobic treatment of protein and fat based wastewater. Wat. Sci. TechnoL, 36 423-431, 1997. 

If properly documented, the results of these studies can be summarized and made available to auditing bodies. Such studies serve to complement the full-scale validation work that is done. In the absence of such studies, companies may find it necessary to explore range extremities during full-scale process validation. 

Ito A. and Oikawa T. (2002). A simulation model of the carbon cycle in land ecosystems (Sim-CYCLE) A description based on dry-matter production theory and plot scale validation. Ecological Modelling, 151, 143-176. 

The total mass loss of a material in a pre-flashover fire that will result in a lethal mixture can be theoretically determined as the product of the LC50 and the volume in which the products of combustion are distributed. For post-flashover fires, it is necessary to correct the LC50 measured in the bench-scale test to account for the increased CO production in these fires.67 NIST conducted a series of full-scale validation tests and determined that the smoke from the bench-scale method reproduces that from room fires to within a factor of 3.66... 

The development of techniques and methods for protein purification has been an essential pre-requisite for many of the advancements made in biotechnology. This booklet provides advice and examples for a smooth path to protein purification. Protein purification varies from simple one-step precipitation procedures to large scale validated production processes. Often more than one purification step is necessary to reach the desired purity. The key to successful and efficient protein purification is to select the most appropriate techniques, optimise their performance to suit the requirements and combine them in a logical way to maximise yield and minimise the number of steps required. 

After the successful commercial planf-scale validation, CFD was used to evaluate a number of pofential measures to reduce the "starvation" predicted to occur for cerfain configurafions and operating conditions. Options included repositioning of fhe gas inlefs and installing additional baffles at specific locafions [21]. After implementation, the reaction temperature could be lowered significantly resulting in improved selectivity and thus plant yields. 

If the formulation is robust to variations in the process on the pilot or laboratory scale, this information supports the industrial scale validation. Consider, for example, a simple tablet formulation, with wet granulation, where the process study indicated that the process was fairly robust, but affected by the granulating liquid volume, granulation time, and lubrification time. There are two possible approaches. 

An example of a state-of-the-art experimental technique for small scale validation is based on high speed cameras which can capture the particle movements inside the fluidized bed through accessible windows. An example is reported in Figure 10.15. 

This result tells us that there is not a unique energy scale valid for all the H-bonds, but that any different (D,A) couple will define its own H-bond electronegativity class, EC(D,A), fully identified by the two characteristic values Ex(D,A)/2 and hb,max(D- - A). 

Fig. 4.1 Overall test configuration for large-scale validation tests, plan view (courtesy of FM Global)...

Au SK (2014b) Uncertainty law in ambient modal identification. Part II implication and field verification. Mech Syst Signal Process 48(l-2) 34-48 Au SK, To P (2012) Full-scale validation of dynamic wind load on a super-tall building under strong wind. J Struct Eng ASCE 138(9) 1161-1172 Au SK, Zhang FL (2012a) Fast Bayesian ambient modal identification incorporating multiple setups. J Eng Mech 138(7) 800-815... 

Iliopoulou EF, Stefanidis S, Kalogiannis K, Psarras AC, Debmitis A, Tilantafylbdis KS, et al. Pilot-scale validation of Co-ZSM-5 catalyst performance in tbe catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapours. Green Chem 2014 16 662-74. 

Sibley KJ, Astatkie T, Brewster G et al (2009) Eield-scale validation of an automated soil nitrate extraction and measurement system. Precis Agiic 10(2) 162-174... 

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