Saturated Decane

Fig. XII-12. Top friction traces for two calcium alkylbenzenesulfonate monolayers on mica where the monolayers are in a liquidlike state. A—in inert air atmosphere B—in saturated decane vapor. Bottom contact radius-load curves showing adhesion energy measured under the same conditions as the friction traces. (From Ref. 53.)...

FIG U RE 4.1 Effect of saturated decane vapor of foam volume generated by sparging aqueous micellar solutions of CijEOj for 10 min. (After Binks, B.P. et al., Colloids Surf. A, 216, 1, 2003.)... 

Myristic acid from hexanoic acid and methyl hydrogen sebacate). Dissolve 23 -2 g. of redistilled hexanoic acid (re caproic acid), b.p. 204-6-205-5°/760 mm., and 21-6 g. of methyl hydrogen sebacate in 200 ml. of absolute methanol to which 0 13 g. of sodium has been added. Electrolyse at 2 0 amps., whilst maintaining the temperature between 30° and 40°, until the pH is about 8 0 (ca. 6 hours). Neutralise the contents of the electrolysis cell with a little acetic acid and distil off the methyl alcohol on a water bath. Dissolve the residue in 200 ml. of ether, wash with three 50 ml. portions of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, once with water, dry with anhydrous magnesium sulphate, and distil with the aid of a fractionating column (see under Methyl hydrogen adipate). Collect the re-decane at 60°/10 mm. (3 0 g.), the methyl myristate at 158-160°/ 10 mm. (12 5g.) and dimethyl hexadecane-1 16-dicarboxylate at 215-230°/ 7 mm. (1 -5 g.)... 

Within the saturates in petroleum gases and naphtha, except for a few highly branched components in the Cg—C q range, every possible paraffin from methane to normal decane is present. Depending on the source, one of the low hoiling paraffins may be the most abundant compound in a... 

A solution of 12.5 g (0.088 mole) of l,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane (Chapter 7, Section IX) in 200 ml of anhydrous ether is added to the stirred mixture at a rate so as to maintain a gentle reflux. (Cooling in an ice bath is advisable.) The reaction mixture is then refluxed for 3 hours on a steam bath. Excess hydride is carefully destroyed by the dropwise addition of water (1-2 ml) to the ice-cooled vessel until hydrogen is no longer evolved. Sulfuric acid (100 ml of 10% solution) is now added followed by 40 ml of water, resulting in the formation of two clear layers. The ether layer is separated and the aqueous layer extracted with three 20-ml portions of ether. The combined ethereal extracts are washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution followed by saturated sodium chloride solution. The ethereal solution is dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate (20-24 hours), filtered, and concentrated by distillation at atmospheric pressure. The residue is distilled under reduced pressure affording 2-cyclohexyloxy-ethanol as a colorless liquid, bp 96-98°/ 3 mm, 1.4600-1.4610, in about 85% yield. 

In addition to hexadecanal, Cormier and Strehler (1953) discovered that homologous aldehydes, such as decanal and dodecanal, were also active in stimulating bacterial luminescence. Thus, they showed that bacterial luminescence requires a saturated long-chain aldehyde, but the specific aldehyde that is actually involved in the in vivo luminescence remained unknown for the next 20 years. 

Volta potentials are measured by means of voltaic cells, i.e., systems composed of conducting, condensed phases in series, with a gas, liquid dielectric (e.g., decane) or a vacuum (in the case of solid conductors such as metals) gap situated between two condensed phases. The gap, g, may contain a gas such as pure air or nitrogen, saturated with vapors of the liquids present. Owing to the presence of a dielectric, special methods are necessary for the investigation of voltaic cells (see Section IV). 

Phoracantha species contained 6-methylsalicylic aldehyde 191, the dis-ubstituted cyclopentene phoracanthal 192, the corresponding alcohol, phora-canthol, and the (E)- and (Z)-stereoisomers of the saturated system. In addition, methyl and ethyl esters of 2-methylbutyric acid and isovaleric acid as well as the macrocyclic lactones decan-9-olide (=phoracantholide I), (Z)-dec-4-en-9-olide (=phoracantholide J) 193, and 11 -hydroxytetradec-5-en-13-olide 194 [8,355, 356]. As shown by independent syntheses of both enantiomers, the natural phoracantholides show ( -configuration [357]. 

Ehnholt et al.8 produced a broad paper covering raw materials, and in-process and final-product measurements. While the uses are primarily in the food industry, the rancidity was often caused by microorganisms. One case involved off-flavor materials being produced in drying and curing ovens. Marker compounds (concomitant) released during the breakdown process (of saturated and unsaturated compounds) were nonenal, decenal, and octenone for the unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, and nonanal, decanal, and octanone for the saturated molecules. A 10-m folded path gas cell was used with an FT-IR for measurements down to 1 Lig/m3. 

The larval aggregation pheromone of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera Olethreutidae), was shown to be a blend of (E)-2-octenal, (E )-2-nonenal, sulcatone and geranyl acetone in combination with either 3-carene and/or three saturated aldehydes (octanal, nonanal, decanal). 

Males of a European species, Xysticus kochii, also were attracted to 12 and 13 (S. Toft and S. Schulz, unpublished data). The aldehydes 12 and 13 were not found in odors collected from females, although the saturated analogs octanal and decanal were present. However, neither they nor any of the other identified compounds attracted males (S. Schulz and S. Toft, unpublished data), and the reason for the attraction of male crab spiders to aldehydes 12 and 13 remains unknown. 

Figure 6 shows the isotherms of the samples using different alkanes as expander. Except the sample obtained with nonane, the adsorption-desorption isotherms of all other compounds are type IV, characteristic of mesoporous materials according to the BDDT classification [21], Isotherms can be decomposed in three parts the formation of the monolayer, a sharp increase characteristic of the capillary condensation of nitrogen within the mesopores and finally a plateau indicating the saturation of the samples. From pentane to decane the relative pressure at which the capillary condensation occurs, increases from 0 30 to 0.60, indicating that the value of the pore diameter increases when the alkane chain length is raised since the p/po position of the inflection point is related to the pore diameter. From undecane, this value decreases to reach 0.40 for dodecane We can conclude that the value of the pore diameter drops from decane to dodecane... 

The first reported examples of M6C carbidocarbonyl clusters were originally found in ruthenium chemistry. Ru6C(CO),7,16, and itsarene derivi-ties RueQCO) (arene) (arene = toluene, xylene, and mesitylene) (36, 37) were synthesized in modest yields by refluxing Ru3(CO)l2 in the requisite arene, 16 becoming the major product when a saturated hydrocarbon such as decane was the solvent. 

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