Cooling of vessels

Failure to consider appropriate challenges when determining the required relief capacity (e.g., maximum rates of liquid withdrawal or cooling of vessel contents). Credible contingencies (e.g., thunderstorm cooling a vessel during steam-out) should be considered. 

Fill vacuum vapor space of vessel with inert gas prior to cool down... 

Sudden cooling of a vapour-filled vessel which is sealed, or inadequately vented, may cause an implosion due to condensation to liquid. 

Cooling of vapour in a vented vessel may cause sucking-back of process materials or ingress of air. 

This chapter reviews the various types of impellers, die flow patterns generated by diese agitators, correlation of die dimensionless parameters (i.e., Reynolds number, Froude number, and Power number), scale-up of mixers, heat transfer coefficients of jacketed agitated vessels, and die time required for heating or cooling diese vessels. 

Surface area for heating or cooling agitated vessels can be provided by eidier external jacketing or internal coils (or tubular baffles). Jacketing is usually preferred because of ... 

Heating or cooling of process fluids in a batch-operated vessel is common in the chemical process industries. The process is unsteady state in nature because the heat flow and/or the temperature vary with time at a fixed point. The time required for the heat transfer can be modified, by increasing the agitation of the batch fluid, the rate of circulation of the heat transfer medium in a jacket and/or coil, or the heat transfer area. Bondy and Lippa [45] and Dream [46] have compiled a collection of correlations of heat transfer coefficients in agitated vessels. Batch processes are sometimes disadvantageous because ... 

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