Saponins applications

COSTELLO, C.E., Application of tandem mass spectral approach to structural determination of saponins. In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (G. R. Waller and K. Yamaski, eds.), 405, Plenum Publishing, New York. 1996, pp. 317-329... 

Li, L., Sheng, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, C., and Guo, D.-A. (2004a). HPLC determination of four active saponins from Panax notoginseng in rat serum and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Biomed. Chromatogr. 18,849-856. 

The stain/fixation method is usually used for surface markers that can withstand fixation and is followed by the application of a DNA-binding fluoro-chrome. The fixation/stain method is used not only for surface markers that can withstand fixation, but also for intracellular constituents, such as cytoplasmic proteins, nuclear membrane, and nuclear proteins. This is accomplished by using a crosslinking fixative (e.g., paraformaldehyde [PFA] or formalin) followed by a permeabilizing agent (e.g., Triton X-100, Tween-20, saponin, or lysolecithin). Some of the precipitating agents (e.g., ethanol, methanol, or acetone) can also be used for permeabilization after the initial fixation with PFA or formalin, or they can be used alone for both fixation and permeabilization (see Chapter 8). 

These experiments provide identification of the through-bond spin coupling network as well as through-space proximity between spins. Examples of the application of these techniques have demonstrated the efficiency of these techniques in establishing the assignment, sequence and linkage site information for oligo- and poly-saccharides [59-60, 62-65], and for saponins [29]. 

CD detection for colored derivatives might just as easily be used for structural information about the carbohydrates as well as for their analysis, but so far little attention has been given to either application. Cyclic oligomers of p-D-glucose have important supporting roles to play in analytical applications that are discussed in a later section. The union of chirality in the carbohydrate moiety of a glycoside metabolite with the unsaturation in the base in such compounds as nucleosides and nucleotides, saponins and flavones, etc., is another area that will ultimately be developed for applications of chiroptical detection methods. New and imaginative ideas are needed for the analysis of carbohydrates, and CD should be one of the favored methods. 

There are many examples in the literature for applications of LC-NMR in the pharmaceutical industry. In the area of natural products, LC-NMR has been applied to screen plant constituents from crude extracts [54,57,67,68] and to analyze plant and marine alkaloids [69-72], flavonoids [73], sesquiterpene lactones [74,75], saponins [58,76], vitamin E homologues [77], and antifungal and bacterial constituents [56,78,79] as examples. In the field of drug metabolism, LC-NMR has been extensively applied for the identihcation of metabolites [42, 80-88] and even polar [89] or unstable metabolites [43]. And hnally, LC-NMR has been used for areas such degradation products [90-93], drug impurities [94-102], drug discovery [103,104], and food analysis [105-107]. 

T. Renukappa, G. Roos, I. Klaiber, B. Vogler, and W. Kraus, Application of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, mass spectrometry and bioassay for the determination of active saponins from Bacopa Monniera Wettst.,7. Chromatogr. A 847 (1999), 109-116. 

Guglu-Ustiindag, O. and Mazza, G. (2007). Saponins Properties, applications and processing. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 47, 231-258. 

Easy TCA is a stabilized, homogeneous and adjuvanted solution with a final TCA concentration of 15% m/m, combined with alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), antioxidants, vitamins and saponins. Unideep is a TCA peel based on the same principles as Easy TCA and reaches the papillary dermis readily and evenly it has a TCA concentration of 23% m/m. The application protocols for these two peels allow all depths to be reached. There is no point using higher concentrations that could cause complications (see Chapter 37). 

Hirayama, R., Mukai, T., Nakashima, M., Sasaki, H.,andNishida, K. (2003) Effect of the absorption enhancer saponin on the intrarenal distribution of 5-fluorouracil following its kidney surface application in rats. Biological Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26 (7), 1049-1051. 

Plock A, Beyer G, Hiller K, Griindemann E, Krause E, Nimtz M, Wray V (2001) Application of MS and NMR to the Structure Elucidation of Complex Sugar Moieties of Natural Products Exemplified by the Steroidal Saponin from Yucca filamentosa L. Phytochemistry 57 489... 

Fang SP, Hao CY, Liu ZQ, Song FR, Liu SY (1999) Application of Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Combined with Sequential Tandem Mass Spectrometry Techniques for the Profiling of Steroidal Saponin Mixture Extracted from Tribulus terrestris. Planta Med 65 68... 

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