Sandwich courses

Teaching companies" and "sandwich courses" are two instructional innovations bridging the gap between the sectors. Several universities have formed separate companies for the purpose of acquiring industrial research contracts. 

FE College. Higher National Diploma, (a sandwich course- 6 months work, b months study). University, BSc (Eng)... 

Education College of Technology, City Cuilds sandwich course... 

Education have published a List of Sandwich Courses and Block Release Courses in Further Education Establishments in England and Wales (HMSO, 1960). 

A Higher National Certificate (HNC) can be taken two years after A level or Ordinary National Certificate in chemistry, physics and mathematics by part-time study only. This is a professional qualification of pass degree standard and of national status. At the same level, somewhat lower than Graduate Membership of the RTC or an honours degree but with a broader basis, is the Higher National Diploma in chemistry or applied chemistry which is usually taken as a three-year sandwich course from A level or ONC, or sometimes as a two-year full-time course. Particulars can be obtained from the Secretary to the Joint Committee for National Certificates in Chemistry, 30 Russell Square, London, W.C.l. 

An even greater number of awards is made by local authorities to students who have a minimum of two A levels and a firm offer of a place at a university. They may also be taken up at a technical college or for the college period of a sandwich course. These grants can often be supplemented by university scholarships awarded as a result of a special examination at the university concerned. Many of these are made up by the Ministry of Education to the value of a State Scholarship. Particulars can be obtained from Registrars of the universities or from university calendars. 

Industrial scholarships are granted by many firms who pay a salary, tuition fees and other allowances to selected students for full-time or sandwich courses at universities and technical colleges, supplemented in many cases by industrial training. A fairly comprehensive list will be found in the Training Guide of the RIC. 

Smithers, A. (1969), Occupational aspirations and expectations of engineering students on sandwich courses , British Journal of Industrial Rdations, vol. 7, p. 414-22. 

Parker [55] studied the IN properties of MEH-PPV sandwiched between various low-and high work-function materials. He proposed a model for such photodiodes, where the charge carriers are transported in a rigid band model. Electrons and holes can tunnel into or leave the polymer when the applied field tilts the polymer bands so that the tunnel barriers can be overcome. It must be noted that a rigid band model is only appropriate for very low intrinsic carrier concentrations in MEH-PPV. Capacitance-voltage measurements for these devices indicated an upper limit for the dark carrier concentration of 1014 cm"3. Further measurements of the built in fields of MEH-PPV sandwiched between metal electrodes are in agreement with the results found by Parker. Electro absorption measurements [56, 57] showed that various metals did not introduce interface states in the single-particle gap of the polymer that pins the Schottky contact. Of course this does not imply that the metal and the polymer do not interact [58, 59] but these interactions do not pin the Schottky barrier. 

Its aromaticity cannot, of course, be tested by attempted electrophilic substitution, for attack by X would merely lead to direct combination with the anion. True aromatic character (e.g. a Friedel-Crafts reaction) is, however, demonstrable in the remarkable series of extremely stable, neutral compounds obtainable from (15), and called metallocenes, e.g. ferrocene (16), in which the metal is held by n bonds in a kind of molecular sandwich between the two cyclopentadienyl structures ... 

Finally, the REC model will be in general more trustable than the LPEC model, as it is simpler. Of course, in complexes where the effect of the lone pair is crucial, for example, in the case of the phthalocyaninate sandwiches, REC has to be abandoned in favour of LPEC. 

Ruiz et al. (1989) studied ligand substitution in transition metal complexes. They found that the presence of a simple sodium salt completely changes the course of these reactions. One of the cases consists in the reaction of Fe(I) sandwiches with PMej in THE This reaction proceeds only in the presence of a sodium salt. 

Although traditional cheeses have a rather high fat content, they are rich sources of protein and in most cases of calcium and phosphorus and have anticarigenic properties some typical compositional data are presented in Table 10.1. Cheese is the classical example of a convenience food it can be used as the main course in a meal, as a dessert or snack, as a sandwich filler, food ingredient or condiment. 

It is, of course, well known that metal-semiconductor interfaces frequently have rectifier characteristics. It is significant, however, that this characteristic has been confirmed specifically for systems that have been used as inverse supported catalysts, including the system NiO on Ag described above as catalyst for CO-oxidation. In the experimental approach taken, nickel was evaporated onto a silver electrode and then oxidized in oxygen. A space charge-free counter-electrode was then evaporated onto the nickel oxide layer, and the resulting sandwich structure was annealed. The electrical characteristic of this structure is represented in Fig. 8. The abscissa (U) is the applied potential the ordi-... 

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