Earthquake causes

Random vibrations, such as tho.se caused by an earthquake, cause shocks and ground movements and are termed seismic disturbances. Shocks and turbulence caused by a heavy sea, landslides and volcanic eruptions are also examples of shocks that may cause vibrations and result in tremors, not necessarily earthquakes. Nevertheless, they may require design considerations similar to those for an earthquake, depending upon the applieation (e.g. naval applications, hydro projects, dams and bridges). 

Earthquake-caused landslides A major disturbance to tropical forests. Science 205, 997-999. 

Garwood, N. C., D. P. Janos, and N. Brokaw (1979). Earthquake-caused landslides A major disturbance to tropical forests. Science 205, 997-999. 

The earthquake caused extensive damage to the structures of the Fukushima—Daiichi power plant and knocked out the pump systems that supply cooling water to the reactors and the spent fuel pools. This is known as a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) takes place. 

It is often noted that petroleum is commonly produced from source rocks that are, or once were, overpressured, that is to say, whose fluid pressure is/was above the hydrostatic pressure. There is evidence that the pressure in an overpressured shale decreases over time to hydrostatic pressure, not gradually, but episodically. A trigger, such as an earthquake, causes a sudden expulsion of fluids through faults and fractures. These immediately close up once the hot fluid flush has passed through. This mechanism could well explain how petroleum emigrates from impermeable organic-rich shales. 

Earthquakes cause ground movement that causes destruction of rigid structures and liquefaction i.e. the sudden loss of strength of water saturated sediment. The ground movements also trigger mass movements like mudflows and landslides. 

An earthquake causes the ground to vibrate at low frequencies. Any structure that has flexibility and can stretch to some extent or bend through connected joints has a greater chance of sustaining the vibration of the earth than a structure that has little joint strength. 

Combining VaR type risks can be done fairly easily by summing all VaR type risks occurring in the same time period assuming that the different VaR type risks are not correlated. For example, if an earthquake caused a fire, and then the fire destroyed a supplier s manufacturing facility, we consider this risk is from earthquake and not from the fire. In other words, we categorize VaR type risks by their fundamental sources. 

Sensors. Not all earthquakes cause immediate and significant damage to affected structures. According... 

Earthquakes cause vibrations or oscillation in buildings or similar structures as a whole or in technical installations housed within them. The excitation of the machine components is transmitted via the machine beds and foundations. Figure 7.51 shows the load determination for technical installations housed inside buildings. Analysis of the sustained stress is carried out step by step. 

No damaging earthquake has ever been received in the lomedlate vicinity of the Hanford Plant However, earthquakes causing moderate to severe damage have occurred in the Pacific Northwest Moreover, earthquake damage could result in a severe accident if suitable resistance were not provided Therefore, prudence required that the critical systems in the N Reactor complex be built to withstand severe earthquake shocks ... 

Rosenblueth, E. Meli, R. 1986. The 1985 earthquake causes and effects in Mexico City. 

Current design criteria specify that the nuclear containment vessel must be able to withstand the simultaneous occurrence of a LOCA with strong (SSE) earthquake motions. The internal pressure creates tensile stresses in both the longitudinal and circumferential directions, while the earthquake causes inertia forces which in turn cause shearing stresses and bearing stresses in the vessels. These stresses cause forces which must be transferred across horizontal and vertical cracks. The crack patterns, crack width and spacing are computed. Crack widths vary between 0.25 and 0.38 mm. 

Other sources of earthquakes are induced earthquakes, caused by reservoir impoundment, pumping into deep wells, fluid extraction, volcanic eruption, gas bursts, geysers, mining, underground nuclear blasts, depletion of oil and gas reservoirs, the collapse of underground mines and nuclear bomb testing. The hypocent-ers of these earthquakes are at a relatively shallow depth. 

Earthquakes (and tsunamis) pose a great danger to process plants. An earthquake can cause equipment items to collapse, lines to rupture, and tanks to fail. For this reason, the construction codes used in seismically active areas are very strict. One item to watch for in particular is a situation where an earthquake causes a major leak of flammable materials and also destroys the firewater header. 

The shaking and movement of ground are the most obvious means by whieh earthquakes cause damage. In addition to shaking the ground, earthquakes ean eause... 

The tendency of landslides to form is influenced by a number of outside factors. Climate is important because it influences the accumulation of water that often precedes a landslide as well as the presence of plants that can also influence soil stability. Although it would seem that plant roots should stabilize soil, the ability of some plants to add significant mass to the slope by accumulating water and to destabilize soil by aiding water infiltration may have an opposite effect, making soil on a slope much more susceptible to landslides. Disturbance of earth by road building or other construction may cause landslides to occur. Earth may be shaken loose by earthquakes, causing landslides to occur. 

So with the occurrence rate GQi) of earthquakes causing H > h, one can calculate the probability that at least one earthquake with H> h will occur in a given time t. 

On April 6, 2009, an earthquake of 6.3 moment magnitude scale (MMS) struck central Italy with its epicenter near L Aquila (42°21 N 13°24 E). The earthquake caused damages to a relevant number of buildings in the city of L Aquila several buildings collapsed, and about 1,500 people were injured, and about 300 people died, making this event the deadliest earthquake to hit Italy since the 1980 Irpinia earthquake. 

In the case of the March 11, 2011, off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake (M 9.0), which will be hereafter abbreviated as the March 11 Tsunami earthquake caused strong ground motion in the north-eastern part of the Honshu Island. JMA s EEW was first triggered when station OURI detected the initial P-wave at 14 46 40.2, Japan Standard Time, March 11, 2011 (Hoshiba et al. 2011). JMA issued a total of 15 EEW forecasts, but the first forecast issued at 5.4 s after the first trigger considerably underestimated the magnitude as 4.3. The fourth... 

Some of the destructive earthquakes caused large casualties, such as the 1906, Ml = 7.1 Meishan earthquake (1,258 death) the 1935, Ml = 7.1 Hsinchu-Taichung earthquake (3,276 death) and the 1999, Ml = 7.3 Chi-Chi earthquake (2,455 death). Earthquake is one of the most serious disasters in Taiwan. Therefore, it is important to seek scientific resolutions to alleviate earthquake hazards. 

The Mw 6.3 L Aquila earthquake caused 308 deaths and nearly 1,200 injuries of which... 

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