Samples biochemical

MAZUR W, FOTSIS T, WAHALA K, OJALA S, SALAKKA A and ADLERCREUTZ H (1996) Isotope dilution gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of isoflavonoids, coumestrol and lignans in food samples. Biochem. 233 (2) 169-80. 

Bogaards, J.J.P, Van Ommen, B. Van Bladeren, PJ. (1993) Interindividual differences in the in vitro conjugation of methylene chloride with glutathione by cytosolic glutathione S-trans-ferase in 22 human liver samples. Biochem. Pharmacol., 45, 2166-2169... 

Adler M, Langer M, Witthohn K, Wilhelm-Ogunbiyi K, Schoffski P, Fumoleau P, Niemeyer CM. Adaptation and performance of an IPCR-assay for the quantification of aviscumine in patient plasma samples. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004 (in press). 

Blanckaert N, Analysis of bilirubin and bilirubin mono- and di-conjugates. Determination of their relative amounts in biological samples. Biochem J 1980 185 115-28. 

Boutet, V., Delaunay, V., De Oliveira, M.C., Boquet, D., Grognet, J. M., Grassi, J., and Deverre, J. R. (2000) Real time monitoring of the hybridization reaction application to the quantification of oligonucleotides in biological samples. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 268, 92 98. 

L16. Long, C., The stabilization and estimation of lactic acid in blood samples. Biochem. J. 40, 27 (1946). 

Microcalorimetry has been performed on several sample biochemical reactions using electrowetting to initiate the reactions that are then monitored by on-chip embedded... 

Thin-Layer and Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Methods for the Identification and Estimation of Indole-amines in Urine Samples Biochem. Med. 5(4) 304-310 (1971) ... 

C. He, Y. Long, J. Pan, K. Li, and E Liu, Application of molecularly imprinted polymers to solid-phase extraction of analytes from real samples, /. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 70, 133-150,2007. 

Microcalorimetry has been performed on several sample biochemical reactions using electrowetting to initiate the reactions that are then monitored by on-chip embedded thermistors [13]. The differential temperature rise between adjacent sample-control pairs was used and 96 of these pairs were microfabricated on 9 mm spacing consistent with SBS 96-well format for compatibility with laboratory automation. Examples of reactions that were used to validate this platform were the binding of 2 -CMP to RNase A and the binding of biotin to streptavidin. Phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase and the power output of mitochondrial respiration were also monitored. 

A hydrolytic procedure for the identification and estimation of individual phospholipids in biological samples. Biochem. J. 75, 45 (1960). 

The direct HPLC analysis of crude biological samples, Biochem. Pharmacol. A3 1169 (1992). 

Interpretable high-resolution structural infomiation (e.g. preservation of dimensions, or correlation of the stmctiiral detail with a physiologically or biochemically controlled state) is therefore obtained exclusively from samples in which life has been stopped very quickly and with a sufficiently high time resolution for the cellular dynamics [19]. Modem concepts for specimen preparation therefore try to avoid traditional, chemical... 

Gas chromatography is widely used for the analysis of a diverse array of samples in environmental, clinical, pharmaceutical, biochemical, forensic, food science, and petrochemical laboratories. Examples of these applications are discussed in the following sections. 

A large number of radiometric techniques have been developed for Pu analysis on tracer, biochemical, and environmental samples (119,120). In general the a-particles of most Pu isotopes are detected by gas-proportional, surface-barrier, or scintillation detectors. When the level of Pu is lower than 10 g/g sample, radiometric techniques must be enhanced by preliminary extraction of the Pu to concentrate the Pu and separate it from other radioisotopes (121,122). Alternatively, fission—fragment track detection can detect Pu at a level of 10 g/g sample or better (123). Chemical concentration of Pu from urine, neutron irradiation in a research reactor, followed by fission track detection, can achieve a sensitivity for Pu of better than 1 mBq/L (4 X 10 g/g sample) (124). 

Biochemical Oxygen Demand. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test is an empirical determination of the oxygen requirement of a sample. It is most often appHed to wastewaters, industrial effluents, and poHuted waters. The decrease in the dissolved oxygen concentration resulting primarily from biological action is measured after storage for 5 d at 20°C. 

Variety of biochemical composition and physical features of milk, as well as compound forms of mineral components foreordain necessity to develop the analytical procedures, in which initial sample state suffers minimum change. Absence of dried milk reference standai ds (RSMs) is an obstacle to use nondestructive XRF for solving the given analytical task. In this communication results of nondestmctive x-ray fluorescence determination of Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr in dried milk powders of limited mass (less than 2 g), obtained with using plant RSMs to calibrate, ai e discussed. 

From diese various estimates, die total batch cycle time t(, is used in batch reactor design to determine die productivity of die reactor. Batch reactors are used in operations dial are small and when multiproducts are required. Pilot plant trials for sales samples in a new market development are carried out in batch reactors. Use of batch reactors can be seen in pharmaceutical, fine chemicals, biochemical, and dye industries. This is because multi-product, changeable demand often requues a single unit to be used in various production campaigns. However, batch reactors are seldom employed on an industrial scale for gas phase reactions. This is due to die limited quantity produced, aldiough batch reactors can be readily employed for kinetic studies of gas phase reactions. Figure 5-4 illustrates die performance equations for batch reactors. 

Most biochemical analyses by MS use either electrospray ionization (ESI) or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALD1), typically linked to a time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. Both ESI and MALDl are "soft" ionization methods that produce charged molecules with little fragmentation, even with biological samples of very high molecular weight. 

Fig. 4.1.6 HPLC analysis of a sample of purified natural aequorin on a TSK DEAE-5PW column (0.75 x 7.5 cm) eluted with 10 mM MOPS, pH 7.1, containing 2mM EDTA and sodium acetate. The concentration of sodium acetate was increased linearly from 0.25 M to 0.34 M in 14 min after the injection of the sample. Full-scale 0.02 A. Flow rate 1 ml/min. Reproduced with permission, from Shimomura, 1986a. the Biochemical Society.

A microscopic, ordered array of nucleic acids, proteins, small molecules, cells or other substances that enables parallel analysis of complex biochemical samples. 

As a consequence of the high pressures that must be tolerated, LC sample valves are usually made from stainless steel. The exception to the use of stainless steel will arise in biochemical applications where the materials of construction may need to be bio-compatible. In such cases the valves may be made from titanium or some other appropriate bio-compatible material. 

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