Salts paraben

Some simple foods can be preservatives in their own right. Honey, salt, sugar, lactic acid, and vinegar are all examples of foods that inhibit microbial action. Some health professionals recommend consuming phytoestrogens from foods such as soybeans to achieve various health benefits. The phytoestrogens in the paraben family, found in blueberries, kill molds and fungi and are often added to food as preservatives. 

Parabens are approved for use in oral solution and suspensions at a concentration of 0.015% to 0.2% w/v. Due to their low solubility, the sodium salts of parabens are often used in aqueous formulations. The parabens are most effective in the pH range of 2 to 6, and their antimicrobial activity decreases with increasing pH. Additionally, they are very unstable at pH 8 or above in solution. Methyl paraben has also demonstrated incompatibility with sorbitol and may show some discoloration in the presence of iron. The absorption of methylparaben by plastics has been reported with the amount absorbed being dependent upon the type of plastic and vehicle. However, no absorption has been reported for low density polyethylene (LDPE) or high density polyethylene (HDPE) containers. Certain coloring agents such as yellow iron oxide, ultramarine blue, and aluminum silicate can extensively absorb ethyl paraben in simple aqueous systems, thus reducing its preservative efficacy. 

Sorbic acid and its potassium and sodium salts are effective against molds, but less effective against bacteria. These compounds may be incorporated directly into the food product, but they are frequently applied by spraying, dipping, or coating. The compounds are effective up to a pH of about 6.5. This is higher than propionates and sodium benzoate, but not so high as the parabens. Metabolism in humans parallels that of other fatty acids... 

Commonly used preservative agents include organic acids such as benzoic acid and salts, the parabens, (alkyl esters ofp-hydroxybenzoic acid), sorbic acid and salts, phenolic compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds, alcohols, and mercurials such as thimerosal in 0.001-0.004% concentration. 

Some compounds are employed in only one of these areas, for example, the parabens (esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) are used as preservatives in some types of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products, whereas chlorhexi-dine salts are utilized in all three areas. The collective term biocide (bios, life cido, to kill) is used widely nowadays to denote a compound used in one or more of these fields [2],... 

This group of chemicals, which are found naturally in many fruits, are used as preservatives, a function that they also perform within fruit. Benzoic acid itself may be used, or more commonly sodium benzoate (a salt) or ethyl or methyl para-hydroxybenzoate, also known as parabens. They have sometimes associated with adverse effects. Anaphylaxis-like reactions have been reported as well as urticaria. About 4 per cent of people who suffer from asthma may experience breathlessness and wheezing when exposed to benzoates. Parabens are often used as preservatives cosmetics. 

Owing to the poor solubility of the parabens, paraben salts, particularly the sodium salt, are frequently used in formulations. However, this may raise the pH of poorly buffered formulations. 

NipabutyL [N I s] Butyl paraben or salts ptesovadves for foodstuffs, pha-maoeuticals, cosmetics. 

Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, calcium salt. See Calcium paraben... 

Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate. See Butylparaben n-Butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate potassium salt. See Potassium butyl paraben Butyl (2-hydroxyethyl) amine. See N-Butylethanolamine... 

Ethylparaben, potassium salt. See Potassium ethyl paraben... 

See Sodium ethylparaben 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, hexamidine salt p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, hexamidine salt. See Hexamidine paraben... 

Potassium o-butyl carbonodithioate. See Potassium n-butyl xanthate Potassium butyl 4-oxidobenzoate. See Potassium butyl paraben Potassium butyl paraben CAS 38566-94-8 EINECS/ELINCS 254-009-1 Synonyms n-Butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate potassium salt Butylparaben, potassium salt Potassium butyl 4-oxidobenzoate Definition Potassium salt of butylparaben Empirical CnH O K... 

Applications. In many countries the methyl, ethyl and n-propyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, as well as their sodium salts, are permitted for preservation of some foods. The maximum permissible quantity is around 0.1%. In the USA methyl- and propyl-paraben are considered GRAS. The maximum permissible quantity is 0.1%. Their main field of use is not food preservation but the preservation of pharmaceutical and cosmetic fat emulsions. The usage of the butyl ester is not allowed in food applications. 

Corticosteroid sodium phosphate salts used in parenteral preparations, i.e., eye, and ear drops, have been separated by reversed phase ion pair chromatography on silanized silica gel stationary phase, using aqueous triethylamine-methanol (3 2, v/v, pH s 4.2) as mobile 4tase. The separated spots were assayed by densitometry at a wavelength of 240 nm (73). Sodium phosphate salts of betamethasone, dexamethasone, and prednisolone have been quantitatively determined in the presence of chloramphenicol in eye and ear drops, also methyl and propyl parabens, and phenols. 

In addition, 4-hydroxybenzoic add is widely used together with its alkyl esters (generally known as parabens) and salts. The most common are methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butyl- esters and are generally known as methylparaben, ethylparaben, etc. The antimicrobial activity of these chanicals increases as the carbon number of the alkyl chain increases, while, by contrast, their water solubility decreases in parallel. The antimicrobial activity of the individual esters is generally selective, so their mixtures offer powerful antimicrobial activity against an extremely broad spectrum of microorganisms This is the reason why a lot of cosmetics and skin care products are preserved with parabens both in Europe and the United States. 

---