Salt water inflow

Lamb, H., 1932. Hydrodynamics, 6th edn. Cambridge University Press, New York, Dover. 738 pp. Lass, H. U., 1988. A theoretical study of the barotropic water exchange between the North Sea and the Baltic and the sea level variations of the Baltic. Beitrage zur Meereskunde, Berlin, 58, 19-33. Lass, H. U., Matthaus, W., 1996. On temporal wind variations forcing salt water inflows into the Baltic... 

Continuous and very strong northwest weather situations with the special Warnemiinder Wind are usually also the trigger for salt-water inflows from the North Sea, which occasionally regenerate the Baltic Sea deepwater. 

Lass, H. U., Matthaus, W., 1996. On temporal wind variations forcing salt water inflows into the Baltic... 

Lass, H. U., Schwahe, R., 1990. An analysis of the salt water inflow into the Baltic in 1975 to 1976. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 43, 97-125. 

Matthaus, W., 2006a. The history of investigation of salt water inflows into the Baltic Sea—from the early beginning to recent results. Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte Wamemiinde, 65, 1-73. Matthaus, W., 2006b. The investigation of salt water inflows and their effects on the Baltic... 

Nausch, G., Nehring, D., 1994. Nutrient dynamics in the Gotland Deep — reactions to the major salt water inflow in 1993. Proceedings ofthe 19th Conference of Baltic Oceanographers, 29 August- 1 September 1994, Sopot, 2, 551-559. 

These amounts were trapped usually in the anoxic sediments of the Gotland Basin. Gobeil et al. (1997) discussed the effects of a fluemating redox boundary on the distribution of Cd in sediments. Also, during salt water inflow events and the exchange of the anoxic water mass, there will be no upward transport of these elements back into the water column because the downward-directed concentration gradient of the dissolved metal species is consequently maintained by the precipitation of Cd, Cu, and Zn with sulfide in the sediment. 

A similar case is that of the Great Salt Lake, whose origin is Lake Bonneville (a remnant of a huge freshwater lake that lost its outlet to the sea), which receives inputs from several rivers and streams but with no outflow other than evaporation. It receives 2 million tons of dissolved salts each year, leached from soils and rocks, and its salinity fluctuates from 5% (similar to seawater) to 27% (near saturation) depending on the water inflow and rain input. 

Assuming that the salt transport in the Baltic Sea occurs as a Conveyor Belt consisting of the inflow of salt water over the sills into the deepwater pool of the Baltic Sea, which is mainly carried by the turbulent influx in the Belt Sea, the vertical salt flux through the halocline into the brackish surface water of the Baltic Sea, and the outflow through the Belt Sea by advecting brackish surface water with the outflowing freshwater surplus q. Then we have balance between stochastic salt inflow and advective salt outflow Sg. 

In Equation 28, ACu (grains cm 3) is the concentration increment in the upper water mass caused by the eddy diffusional transport across the pycnocline in time interval At (first term on the right-hand-side of Equation 28) and addition of salt by inflow in time interval At (second term on the right-hand-side). 

Coastlines exhibit a variety of features. Steep valleys carved by glacial activity, then filled with rising seawater, constitute the picturesque Qords characteristic of much of the coast of Norway. Valleys, formerly on land, now filled with seawater, constitute drowned valleys. Estuaries occur where tidal salt water mixes with inflowing fresh water. 

Salts are sometimes added to drilling muds to obtain certain desired mud characteristics. They can also enter the drilling fluid through contamination by addition of makeup water, formation-fluid inflow, and drilled formations such as salt domes, gypsum or anhydride formations. In freshwater systems, if salt contamination reaches undesirable levels, the following methods should be considered for control. 

Nitrate can be added as different salts, e.g., Ca(N03)2, well known as a fertilizer product. Inflow of nitrate into a treatment plant and into receiving waters should typically be avoided. The rate of nitrate addition to the wastewater must be controlled (Bentzen et al., 1995 Einarsen et al., 2000). 

The fundamental concept is to envelop the hot reaction zone with cool water which protects the wall from the hot, corrosive fluid while simultaneously dissolving salts, thus inhibiting the buildup of sticky solids at the wall. The reaction zone is stabilized by a recirculation zone with heat and mass transfer to the cold inflowing stream thus heating it to ignition temperature. 

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