Cyclohexyl group

A more eflicient and general synthetic procedure is the Masamune reaction of aldehydes with boron enolates of chiral a-silyloxy ketones. A double asymmetric induction generates two new chiral centres with enantioselectivities > 99%. It is again explained by a chair-like six-centre transition state. The repulsive interactions of the bulky cyclohexyl group with the vinylic hydrogen and the boron ligands dictate the approach of the enolate to the aldehyde (S. Masamune, 1981 A). The fi-hydroxy-x-methyl ketones obtained are pure threo products (threo = threose- or threonine-like Fischer formula also termed syn" = planar zig-zag chain with substituents on one side), and the reaction has successfully been applied to macrolide syntheses (S. Masamune, 1981 B). Optically pure threo (= syn") 8-hydroxy-a-methyl carboxylic acids are obtained by desilylation and periodate oxidation (S. Masamune, 1981 A). Chiral 0-((S)-trans-2,5-dimethyl-l-borolanyl) ketene thioketals giving pure erythro (= anti ) diastereomers have also been developed by S. Masamune (1986). 

The (9-isobomyl- and (9-[l-(5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)ethyl]-derivatives do not undergo rearrangement, but are very labile in trifluoroacetic acid (100% cleaved in 5 min). The cyclohexyl and isopropyl derivatives are more stable to acid, but undergo some rearrangement. The cyclohexyl group combines minimal rearrangement with ready removal. ... 

Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide is metabolized in vivo to inorganic tin via di- and monocyclohexyltin derivatives (502), and in vitro studies suggested that the major, metabolic reaction is carbon-hydroxylation of the cyclohexyl group (503). Studies in vivo using either tri-phenyl[ Sn]tin acetate (467) or triphenyl[" Sn]tin chloride (504) in rats showed that these compounds are metabolized to yield substantial amounts of di- and monophenyltin derivatives, although no significant quantities of hydroxylated metabolites have been identified (503) in this case. 

Compound Ref. Crystal Phase Space group Z Dihedral angle between the phenyl and cyclohexyl groups /° Selected intermolecular distances [A]... 

Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation is a typical catalytic carbon-carbon bond forming reaction [ 126 -128]. The Pd-complex of the ligand (R)-3b bearing methyl, 2-biphenyl and cyclohexyl groups as the three substituents attached to the P-chirogenic phosphorus atom was found to be in situ an efficient catalyst in the asymmetric allylic alkylation of l-acetoxy-l,3-diphenylprop-2-en (4) with malonate derivatives in the presence of AT,0-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) and potassium acetate, affording enantioselectivity up to 96% and quantitative... 

Hydrogenation of ( )-l,2-diphenylpropene was chosen as a model reaction to test the potential of these catalysts [Scheme 46]. The best results (99% yield and 98% ee) were obtained with the complex 72a in which R = 1-Ad and R = 2,6-(i-Pr)2C6H3. The corresponding t-butyl-, diphenyhnethyl- and phenyl-substituted oxazohne complexes (72b, 72c and 72d) were foimd to be less effective. The complex 72f obtained with R = 1-Ad and by changing the R group into a cyclohexyl group was inactive. In the case of R = 1-Ad and just... 

Subsequently, these catalysts were evaluated in the enantioselective desymmetri-sation of achiral trienes, and three distinct trends in catalyst selectivity were found. Firstly, catalysts 56a-b with two phenyl moieties on the backbone of the A -heterocycle exhibited higher enantioselectivity than those with a fused cyclohexyl group as the backbone 55a-b. Secondly, mono-ort/io-substituted aryl side chains induced greater enantioselectivity than symmetrical mesityl wing tips. Thirdly, changing the halide ligands from Cl to I" increased the enantioselectivity. As a result, catalyst 56b turned out to be the most effective. For example, 56b in the presence of Nal was able to promote the desymmetrisation of 57 to give chiral dihydrofuran 58 in up to 82% conversion and 90% ee (Scheme 3.3). 

ESR spectra (Table 1). The JV-cyclohexylthiosemicarbazone, 13, complex formed the expected [Fe(13-H)2] with FeCl as the counterion [141]. However, [Fe(13) (13-H)H20]C104 was isolated from ethanol. Bulkiness of the cyclohexyl group, and the perchlorate ion s greater ability to hydrogen bond are probably both important to the stability of this cation. The iron(III) center is considered six-coordinate with a tridentate 13-H, bidentate 13, and a coordinated water molecule. 

Scheme 2.4 provides some specific examples of facial selectivity of enolates. Entry 1 is a case of steric control with Felkin-like TS with approach anti to the cyclohexyl group. 

Fig. 24. Molecular structure of [ N3P3(NC6Hn)6 2(thf)4Li12] (hydrogens, solvent molecule, and two cyclohexyl groups are omitted for clarity).

Substitution of the Cp ligands reduces the tendency to dimerize. Introduction of a cyclohexyl group is sufficient for rendering the monomer the only detectable species by CV. The substituted titanocene chlorides open epoxides slower than Cp2TiCl . However, the resulting /J-metaloxy radicals are more... 

With cyclohexene, polymerization occurs more rapidly than hydrosilation. After polymerization has proceeded to completion, there is a slow hydrosilation to introduce cyclohexyl groups onto the polymer chain, to a maximum extent of about 50 per cent of the Si-H groups. With more reactive olefins, such as styrene, hydrosilation occurs more rapidly than polymerization and the polymerization reaction is suppressed. As in the polymerization reaction, the reactivity of primary silanes is much greater than... 

The proton decoupled carbon 13 NMR spectra for three poly( cyclohexylmethyl-co-isopropylmethyl) copolymers are shown in Figure 4. The backbone methyl group is observed as occurring between -4 and -1 ppm and consists of multiple resonances which are due to polymer microstructure. Multiple resonances are also observed for the methyl and tertiary carbon of the isopropyl group and for the methine carbon of the cyclohexyl group. Microstruc-tural assignments for these resonances remain to be made. It has also been found that increasing the bulky character of the substituent yielded broader resonance peaks in the carbon-13 NMR spectra. 

The rate of dissociation has been measured by oxygen uptake in the presence of an inhibitor of chain reactions as in the case of hexaaryl-ethanes. Since the uptake of oxygen obeys the same kinetic law, it is a reasonable extrapolation to suppose that here too the rate-determining step is a dissociation into radicals. When one of the phenyl groups in triphenylmethyl is replaced by a cyclohexyl group, the rate of dissociation of the ethane is reduced by a factor of 170.38 Some dissociation rate parameters are given in Tables III A and B. 

BF, or BF3 etherate can replace TiCl4 as the Lewis acid. But in order to effect clean reactions, the Lewis acid should be added to the aldehyde before addition of the lead reagent. The rate of reaction is highly dependent on the size of the R group. Transfer of an ethyl group is rapid, but a cyclohexyl group is transferred slowly even at 0°. Similar transfer does not obtain with R4Sn. 

A second example, described by the same authors, is that of the vinylogous amide RCOCH= HNHCH3 (10), where R = QH, (cyclohexyl group). In the crystal the molecule is of E configuration at the C= double bond, and of Z configuration at the partially double bonds (CO)-(C=) and (=C)-(N). When this crystal is dissolved at low temperatures two conformers are found, both of E configuration at the C=C. On warming, torsional equilibration occurs, and eventually isomerization about the C=C double bond also takes place. 

R)-5-C-Cyclohexyl-5-C-phenyl-D-xylose (Methanolysis) Only furanosides formed Pyranosides are excluded by conformational factors since either a cyclohexyl group or at least three oxygenated substituents must be axial 21)... 

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