Sakharov, Andrei

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich (1921-1989)... 

Sadlej Andrzej Jerzy, 131, 594, 729, 747, 749 Sakharov Andrei Dimitriy, 328... 

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich 268 Salem Lionel 220, 765 Sali Andrei 294 Salpeter Edwin E. 131,140 Sands Matthew 109 Sapirstein Jonathan Robert 134 Satchler George R. 282,779 Sawaryn Andrzej 702,1019 Schaad Lawrence J. 1005 Schaefer Henry F. 538 Schatz George C. 765, 792,793 Scheiner Andrew C. 602 Scheiner Steve 760 Schepens Wijnand 292 Scheraga Harold 684... 

On 12 August 1953, the Soviets successfully detonated their first thermonuclear device. Its estimated yield was 400 kilotons. The U.S. government dubbed this device Joe 4, in line with designations used for prior Soviet nuclear devices. See also ALARM CLOCK RUSSIA SAKHAROV, ANDREI DMITRIYEVICH. 

KHARITON, YULI (1904-1996). Russian physicist. Khariton was among the founders of the Soviet nuclear weapon program. His influence was greatest through his position as director of Arzamas-16, the secret nuclear weapon complex that he established in 1946. In the 1920s, Khariton studied under the famed British physicist Ernest Rutherford. See also KURCHATOV, IGOR VASILIEVICH SAKHAROV, ANDREI DMITRIYEVICH SEMIPALATINSK. 

In July 1953, the USSR created the Ministry of Medium Machine Building, and in 1954 this rather innocuous-sounding ministry assumed overall responsibility for research, development, and production of nuclear weapons. By the time the USSR was dissolved in December 1991, it possessed a stockpile of many thousands of these weapons. Four newly formed states were identified as having these weapons on their soil Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine. To ensure the security and facilitate the destruction of these weapons, all four states received international assistance, such as that provided by the United States under the CTR Program. As of 2006, only Russia continues to possess such weapons. 5 eea/so ARZAMAS-16 FUCHS, KLAUS EMIL JULIUS SAKHAROV, ANDREI DMITRIYEVICH. 

SAKHAROV, ANDREI DMITRIYEVICH (1921-1989). Russian physicist. Sakharov described himself as the father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb. His work on controlled thermonuclear reactions was essential to successful development of this bomb. Sakharov is better known, however, for his efforts to promote human rights and world peace. His outspoken views in this regard resulted in his arrest in 1980 by Soviet authorities, who exiled him from Moscow to Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), Russia. His efforts were recognized internationally, most visibly by his selection for the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize. See also JOE. 

Andrei Sakharov was born in Moscow, Russia, to a family of the intelligentsia on May 21, 1921. His father, Dmitri, taught college physics and wrote textbooks and popular science books. Sakharov studied at home until the seventh grade. Dmitri, a man of warmth and culture, was his first physics teacher. 

Also m May 1968, Sakharov accepted an offer to return to FIAN to work on academic topics. He combined work on fundamental theoretical physics with increased political activism, developing contacts to the emerging human rights movement. His wife, Klavdia, died of cancer in March 1969. In 1970 Sakharov and Soviet dissidents Valeiy Chalidze and Andrei Tverdokhlebov founded the Moscow Human Rights Committee. In the movement he met Elena Bonner, who became his companion-in-arms. They married in 1972. 

Anderson, R. H. (1989). Andrei D. Sakharov, 68, Nobel Laureate and Wellspring of the Soviet Conscience. New York Times, December 16. 

Fields of interest adsorption, catalysis, cavitation, nuclear and thermonuclear weapons, shock waves, nuclear physics, particle physics, astrophysics, physical cosmology, and general relativity. Andrei Sakharov named him a man of universal scientific interests and Stephen W. Hawking said to Zel dovich Before I met you here, I believed you to be a collective author , like Bourbaki. See also Zel dovich theory in -> nucleation, subentry -> non-stationary nucleation, and -> Roginskii-Zeldovich kinetics in adsorption kinetics. 

This is why Dr. Polanyi says that scientists must take part in the debate on technological, social, and political affairs. Dr. Polanyi points to the political role played by scientists such as Andrei Sakharov in the former Soviet Union, Linus Pauling in the United States, and Fang Lizhi in China. 

Research the scientists whom Dr. Polanyi mentioned Andrei Sakharov, Linus Pauling, and Fang Lizhi. What work distinguished them as scientists What work distinguished them as members of society ... 

Alvarez the eminent French nuclear scientist Frederic Joliot (a transfer of the Dubna suggestion for naming element 102) the scientific giant Sir Isaac Newton the famous inventor Thomas Edison the famous scholar and inventor Leonardo da Vinci early explorers such as Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, and the mythical Ulysses the great American statesman George Washington a Russian scientist such as Peter Kapitza or Andrei Sakharov and the native land of a member of the discovery team, Finland. 

Some molecules look really peculiar. They may contain a muon instead of an electron. A muon is an unstable particle with the charge of an electron and mass equal to 207 electronic masses. For such a mass, assuming that nuclei are infinitely heavier than muon looks like a very bad approximation. Therefore, the calculations need to be non-adiabatic. The first eomputations for muonic molecules were performed by Kolos, Roothaan, and Sack in 1960. The idea behind the project was mnon-catalyzed fusion of deuterium (d) and tritium (t) the abbreviations here pertain to the nnclei only. This fascinating problem was proposed by Andrei Sakharov. Its essence is as follows. 

The name derives from a device tested by the Soviet Union in August 1953, designed by Andrei Sakharov. It was so-called because it had layers of fission and fusion fuels... 

Those scientists who contributed to the growth of nuclear physics in the late 19th century and first half of the 20th century set the stage for nuclear warfare. Some of the major contributors to the new field of nuclear physics became direct participants in developing or attempting to develop nuclear weapons. Examples include Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, Wemer Heisenberg, Otto Hahn, and Andrei Sakharov. 

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