Sakharov

E. Tamm and A. D. Sakharov, in M. A. Leontovich, ed.. Plasma Physics and the Problem of Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions, Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, New York, 1961. 

From the 1960s onward, at great personal risk, Sakharov severely criticized the Soviet regime and ardently defended human rights against it. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975. 

Andrei Sakharov was born in Moscow, Russia, to a family of the intelligentsia on May 21, 1921. His father, Dmitri, taught college physics and wrote textbooks and popular science books. Sakharov studied at home until the seventh grade. Dmitri, a man of warmth and culture, was his first physics teacher. 

Sakharov returned to Moscow in early 1945, as a graduate student at FIAN, the Physical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Igor Tamm, head of FIAN s Theoretical Physics Department, influenced him greatly. In 1947, Sakharov received his Ph.D. for work on particle physics. 

Also in 1950 Sakliarov and Tamm proposed an idea for a controlled thermonuclear fusion reactor, the TOKAMAK (acronym for the Russian phrase for toroidal chamber with magnetic coiF ), which achieved the highest ratio of output power to input power of any fusion device of the twentieth centuiy. This reactor grew out of interest in a controlled nuclear fusion reaction, since 1950. Sakharov first considered electrostatic confinement, but soon came to the idea of magnetic confinement. Tamm joined the effort with his work on particle motion in a magnetic field, including cyclotron motion, drifts, and magnetic surfaces. Sakharov and Tamm realized that... 

At the Installation, Sakharov worked with many colleagues, in particular Yakov Zcldnvich and David Frank-Kamenetskii. Sakharov made key contributions to the Soviets first full-fledged H-bomb, tested in 1955. He also made many contributions to basic physics, perhaps the most important being his thesis that the universe is composed of matter (rather than all matter having been annihilated against antimatter) is likely to be related to charge-parity (CP) noninvariance. 

Sakharov received many honors. He was elected as a full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in 1953 (at only age thirty-two) he was awarded three Hero of Socialist Labor Medals he received a Stalin Prize and he was given a counti y cottage. Sakharov s anti-Soviet activism cost him these rewards. 

Freedom. It proposed Soviet cooperation with the West, which the Soviets flatly rejected. The manuscript circulated in several typewritten copies known as samizdat ( self-print in Russian) and was widely read outside the USSR. Sakharov was summarily banned from military-related research. 

Also m May 1968, Sakharov accepted an offer to return to FIAN to work on academic topics. He combined work on fundamental theoretical physics with increased political activism, developing contacts to the emerging human rights movement. His wife, Klavdia, died of cancer in March 1969. In 1970 Sakharov and Soviet dissidents Valeiy Chalidze and Andrei Tverdokhlebov founded the Moscow Human Rights Committee. In the movement he met Elena Bonner, who became his companion-in-arms. They married in 1972. 

Although Sakliarov won the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize, and was the only Sordet ever to win it, he was barred from leaving Russia to receive it. The Nobel Committee s official citation praised Sakharov for his fearless personal commitment in upholding the fundamental principles for peace Uncompromisingly... 

Sakharov made his first trip outside the Soviet Union in late 1988. In 1989 he was elected to the Congress of People s Deputies, the supreme legislative body of the Soviet Union. He died on December 14, 1989. 

Anderson, R. H. (1989). Andrei D. Sakharov, 68, Nobel Laureate and Wellspring of the Soviet Conscience. New York Times, December 16. 

Kapit2a, S. P., and Drell, S., eds. (1991). Sakharov Remembered, New York American Institute of Physics. Sakharov, A. (1990). Memoirs. New York Alfred A. Knopf. 

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich (1921-1989)... 

Fig. 73. IR emission spectra of KNO3 melt at 450X7. Curve l - Layer thickness - 0.05 mm, reflective surface Curve 2 - Layer thickness - -0.1 mm, absorptive surface Curve 3 - Layer thickness - 0.2 mm, absorptive surface (after Agulyartsky and Sakharov [342]).

Fig. 80. IR spectra of KfTaFy (1) with additions of Ta7Os in KyTaFf.TayOs molar ratios of 4 1 (2), 3 1 (3) and 2 1 (4) (after Agulyansky and Sakharov [342]).

Sakharov, G. N., Ismailov, A. D., and Danilov, V. S. (1988). Temperature dependencies of the reaction of bacterial luciferases from Beneckea har-veyi and Photobacterium fischeri. Biokhimiya 53 891-898. 

While writing the book we felt support and encouragement from our wives Nelly Sakharov-Yarin, Lidia Kharchenko-Mosyak and Ruthie Hetsroni who gave us the inspiration to complete the book successfully. Unfortunately, Nelly and Lidia passed away and cannot see a printed version of the book. We dedicate it to their memory it is also dedicated to Ruthie. 

Finally, our impressions of the 1987 Soviet Union included the pleasure and pleasant surprise of a fleeting visit to our conference by Andre Sakharov, the great freedom fighter and distinguished theoretical physicist. Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize but to no avail, he was not allowed by his communist repressors to leave Moscow to attend the award ceremonies in Sweden. 

SATA has been used to form conjugates with avidin or steptavidin with excellent retention of activity (Chapter 23, Section 3.1). It also has been used in the formation of a therapeutically useful toxin conjugate with recombinant CD4 (Ghetie et al., 1990), to study syntaxin proteins (Amessou et al., 2007), to prepare bispecific antibodies (Lindorfer et al., 2001), and to make a unique polylysine conjugate as a vehicle for drug delivery (Sakharov et al., 2001). 

Sakharov, D.V., Jie, A.F.H., Bekkers, M.E.A., Emeis, J.J., and Rijken, D.C. (2001) Polylysine as a vehicle for extracellular matrix-targeted local drug delivery, providing high accumulation and long-term retention within the vascular wall. Aterioscler. Thromb. Vase. Biol. 21, 943-948. 

The oxidation of alcohols in a basic solution catalyzed by Cu(II) o-phenanthroline complexes has been recently studied by Sakharov and Skibida [305-309], The copper-phe-nanthroline complex is stable in a basic solution and appears to be a very efficient catalyst for the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds. The reaction rate increases with an increase in the partial pressure of dioxygen. The solvent dramatically influences the reaction rate (conditions 348 K, [MeOH] = 20%vol, [Cu—(o—phm)] = 0.01 mol L-1). 

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