Sakhalin

The natural-gas industries of Japan, Korea and Taiwan are based almost entirely on gas imported by tanker as liquified natural gas (LNG). These insular and peninsular economies produce almost no domestic natural gas, and until recent efforts to develop production on the Russian island of Sakhalin immediately north of Japan, import of natural gas by pipeline from nearby has not seemed a realistic alternative, In 1999, LNG imports provided about 12 percent of Japan s primary energy, 9 percent of South Korea s, and 6 percent of Taiwan s. In turn, these three countries together accounted for 79 percent of the world s international movements of LNG,... 

Wills, J. (2000) Muddied Waters a Survey of Offshore Oil Field Drilling Wastes and Disposal Techniques to Reduce The ecological Impacts of Sea Dumping Sakhalin Environment Watch, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia, pp. 139. 

By the year 2010 Russia plans to produce totally 635-665 bcm of natural gas, including an export potential of 140-150 bcm for supplying the European market (excluding republics of the Former Soviet Union). By 2020 the production of Russian gas will reach roughly 680-730 bcm with about 160-165 bcm export to Europe per annum [17]. The planned level of exports to Europe seems realistic provided Central Asian gas is available at a price lower than the alternative price of gas from new Russian fields (for instance in Siberia, the Barents Sea, the Yamal peninsula and Sakhalin). 

But present situation in gas industry contains serious uncertainties. All main future perspectives in gas production - Shtokmanovskoye field, Yamal peninsula fields, Kovykta fields, Sakhalin project - requires significant amount of investments and technological innovations. From the other side, the wear percentage in present supplying capacities is above 50%. In addition since 1998 financial crisis low domestic gas prices were sustained. This invoked the misbalance of fuel for energy production in favor of natural gas and thus secures little amount of money for infrastructure modernization and innovations. 

Levanidov, I.P. (1950). Chemical composition of the flesh of herring in coastal waters of Western Sakhalin (In Russian). Rybnoye Khozyaistvo 1950 (2), 37-41. 

From the moment I arrived in Sakhalin until today it has been warm and bright sometimes there s a light frost in the mornings and one of the mountains has snow on the top, but the earth is still green, the leaves have not fallen and nature all around is smiling, just like May at the dacha. 

Anton Chekhov, in an October 1890 letter to his mother describing his observations of Sakhalin Island (Chekhov 2,004 38—39)... 

This cycle of investigations was carried out using experimental pilot facilities installed at the seaside power station on Sakhalin Island (Russia). R. K. and D. M. were actively involved in these studies. 

Selective separation of strontium from calcium at significant SrCl2 concentration levels up to 2 g/L was obtained with KB-4 carboxylic add exchanger employed in a Higgins-type contactor [246]. The pilot unit for strontium recovery from seawater in the closed (and practically waste-free) processing scheme was constructed in the Okhotsk Sea region (Sakhalin power station). The data obtained with the new pilot plant have shown that several components will be recovered simultaneously from seawater. The unit is estimated to produce more than 150 kg of SrCOj, more than 5000 kg of KNOj, and about 2 kg of RbNOj [15]. However, recovery of strontium is still uneconomical. Its cost is expected to become comparable to that of strontium produced from traditional, land-based sources. 

Abies sachalinensis Masters/Sakhalin fir Abies sibirica Ledeb./Siberian fir ImHx dahurica Turcz./Dahurian larch Larix sibirica Ledeb./Siberian larch Piceafennica Regel/Finnish Siberian spruce Picea jesoensis (S. et Z.) Carr./Jeddo spruce Picea obovata Led./Siberian spruce Picea schrenkiana Fish Meyer/Schrenk spruce Pinus koraiensis Sieb. Zuss/Korean pine Pinus sibirica Rupr./Siberian stone pine Pinus sylvestris L./Scotch pine Taxus baccata L./English yew... 

The Russians have shown that the magnitude of soil-gas values on faults increases dramatically shortly after an earthquake in which fault movement is involved (Zorkin et al., 1977). An extensive study, involving 105 observation wells, 3-5 m deep, was set up over the Mulchto oilfield in northeastern Sakhalin. A total of 3,700 samples was collected and analysed over a four-month period with the most active wells sampled daily (Table 5-IV). The results from this study provide impressive evidence for the tectonic relationship of this leakage gas flux (Fig. 5-7). This study leaves no doubt that faults and fractures provide the main control on the effusion of gases from the subsurface. 

Zorkin, L.M., 1977b. The effects of earthquakes on hydrocarbon gas concentrations in surface rocks (as observed on Sakhalin Island). Doklady Navd. Navk USSR, 235 476-478. 

Ten Khak-Mun., 1967. Iron- and manganese-oxidizing microorganisms in soils of South Sakhalin. Microbiology, 36 276—281. 

Hiramatsu, N. and A. Hara. Relationship between vitellogenin and its related egg yolk proteins in Sakhalin taimen (Hucho perryi). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 115A 243 -251, 1996. 

Shimizu, M., T. Fujitaand A. Hara. Purification of the precursors to vitelline envelope proteins from serum of Sakhalin taimen, Hucho perryi. J. Exp. Zool. 282 385-395, 1998. 

P. depressa Willd. syn. P. tibetica Hook is a central Asian species and occurs in Ural Mountains through Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria, Sakhalin and western Himalaya to Garhwal at altitude of 2,500 m. 

Ginsburg, G.D., Soloviev, V.A., Cranston, R.E., Lorenson, T.D., and Kvenvolden, K.A., 1993. Gas hydrates from the continental slope, offshore Sakhalin Island, Okhotsk Sea. Geo-Marine Letters, 13 41-48. 

In Russia, steam flooding technique has been applied with best economic results at the Okha oil field located on the Sakhalin Island in the Far East. Here, under relatively favorable geological conditions, oil has been recovered by steaming ever since 1968 [19]. Selected for the EOR project was the petroliferous bed No. IV in block No. X located on the central of an (anticlinal) fold. 

Principal reserves of high viscosity oil in Sakhalin are found at the fields of Okha, Katangli, Uiglekuty, Vostochnoe Ekhabi and Zapadnoe Sabo. 

Very go results were obtained in the Sakhalin oil fields by application of this technique. In the course of 8 years it resulted both in an increase and stabilization of oil production. In 1979, 25% of the total oil obtained that year firom the Sakhalin oil fields was produced by this EOR technique. 

All in all, the application of steaming at the different fields of Sakhalin resulted in the recovery of more than 2 million tons of oil... 

The aforementioned negative effects can be avoided to some degree by the method of creating a thermal bank. Such a technique was first proposed by E.B. Chekaliuk, K.A. Oganov and A.N. Snarskii [26]. Later A.A. Bokserman [21] and I.U.P. Zheltova [22] developed it in their experimental work. The thermal bank method was first successfully employed in petroleum production from the Okha field in Sakhalin. 

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