Sainte-Claire Deville, Henri

Sainte-Claire Deville, Henri (1886—1887) Le9ons sitr I afEnite chimique in Leyons de la Societe chimique de Paris, Paris. 

Superieure rather than the Ecole Polytechnique. 15 His interests lay in the physical sciences, especially chemistry, but he found uninspiring the chemistry taught by the proteges of Henri Sainte-Claire Deville. (Deville, who had been in charge of the laboratory from 1851 to 1881, was succeeded, in turn, by his pupils Henri Jules Debray [18811888], Alphonse Alexandre Joly [18881897], and Desire J. B. Gemez [18971904]). 

Silicon - the atomic number is 14 and the chemical symbol is Si. The name was originally silicium because it was thought to be a metal. When this was shown to be incorrect, the name was changed to silicon, which derives from the Latin silex and silicis for flint . Amorphous silicon was discovered by the Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius in 1824. CiystalUne silicon was first prepared by the French chemist Henri Sainte-Claire Deville in 1854. 

J. Henri Debray, 1827-1888. French chemist who collaborated with Henn Sainte-Claire Deville at the ficole Nor-male Sup rieure in researches on gaseous dissociation. He also investigated beryllium, molybdenum, tungsten, and the metals of the platinum group, and made contributions to synthetic mineralogy, It was In Debray s laboratory that Moissan liberated fluorine. 

The first crystalline silicon was prepared by Henri Sainte-Claire Deville in 1854 ( 9,31). In the course of his researches on aluminum, he decomposed an impure sodium aluminum chloride with the voltaic pile, and obtained a gray, brittle, granular melt containing 10.3 per cent of silicon. When he dissolved away the aluminum, some shining platelets remained. 

Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, 1818-1881. Professor of chemistry and dean at tire University of Besangon, afterward professor of chemistry at the Scale Normale Supeneure. He discovered toluene in balsam of Tolu, prepared anhydrous nitrogen pentoxide, and made sodium and P" aluminum on a commercial scale. 

The first pure aluminum was prepared by the great French chemist Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, who was bom on the Island of St. Thomas in the Antilles on March 11, 1818. Both Henri and his elder brother Charles were educated at the Institution Sainte-Barbe in Paris, where Charles studied geology under Elie de Beaumont at die School of Mines, while Henri took the medical course and studied chemistry under Thenard. Both brothers were crowned by the Institute, and both were in the same section. Throughout their lives they had the deepest affection for one... 

Henri s first paper, published in 1S39, was a research on turpentine, and two years later he discovered toluene in balsam of Tolu. His most important work, however, was m inorganic and physical chemistry. In 1844 conservative university officials were horrified to learn of the appointment by Thenard of the twenty-six-year-old Henri Sainte-Claire Deville as dean to reorganize the faculty at Besaneon. Nevertheless, Thenard s... 

The next scene of the aluminum drama is laid in the United States. Henri Sainte-Claire Deville s process had made the metal a commercial product, but it was still expensive. Charles Martin Hall, a student at Oberlin College, inspired by the accounts which Professor F. F. Jewett had given of his studies under Wohler, decided that his supreme aim in life would be to devise a cheap method for making aluminum. In an improvised laboratory in the woodshed, and with homemade batteries, he struggled with this problem. On February 23,1886, this boy of twenty-one years rushed into his professors office and held out to him a handful of aluminum buttons. Since these buttons led to a highly successful electrolytic process for manufacturing aluminum, it is small wonder that the Aluminum Company of America now treasures them and refers to them affectionately as the crown jewels A beautiful statue of the youthful Charles M. Hall, cast in aluminum, may now he seen at Oberlin College (11, 55). 

M. Heroult also made many important contributions to the electrometallurgy of iron and steel. He made frequent trips to the United States, and when the Perkin Medal was awarded to Charles M. Hall in 1911, M Heroult crossed the ocean in order to be present at the ceremony and congratulate him. By this gracious act, he proved himself to be a worthy successor of his great, generous countryman, Henri Sainte-Claire Deville (II, 52). Dr. Heroult and C. M. Hall both died in 1914. 

Gay, Jules, Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, Sa Vie et ses Travaux, Gauthier-... 

Although Lamy claimed that Sir William Crookes s thallium was really a sulfide, the latter replied that he had prepared metallic thallium as early as May 1, 1862, but that because of its volatility he had not dared to melt the black powder to form an ingot (18). However, a committee from the French Academy, including Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, Theophile-Jules Pelouze, and J.-B.-A. Dumas, credited Lamy, rather than Crookes, with the isolation of thallium metal (17, 40). 

Mar. 11, 1818 Birth of Henri Sainte-Claire Deville on the island of St. Thomas in the Antilles. 

Henri Sainte-Claire Deville perfects an industrial process for aluminum and prepares the first crystalline silicon. 

Death of Henri Sainte-Claire Deville at Boulogne-sur-Seine. 

Toluene is a clear, flammable, aromatic hydrocarbon liquid with a smell similar to benzene. It is also called methylbenzene, indicating that a methyl group has been added to one of benzenes carbon atoms. Toluene was first isolated by Pierre-Joseph Pelletier (1788—1842) and Philippe Walter (1810—1847) in 1837. The name toluene comes from the South American tree Toluifera balsamum. Henri-Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville (1818—1881) isolated toluene from the tree s gum, Tolu balsam, in 1841. 

Apr. 10,1863, Thoury-Harcourt, France - May 9,1914, near Antibes, on the sea) Already as a high-school student he started to be interested in discoveries. He was fascinated by the book of Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville (1818-1881) about aluminum, and decided that he would produce aluminum by electrical means at a reasonable price. He entered the Ecole des Mines, Paris in 1882 where he began working on the electrolysis of aluminum compounds. In 1886 - simultaneously with... 

A tem containing calcium carbonate, lime, and carbonic acid gas consists of two independent components (o 2) divided into three phases =S) it is a monovariant i stem at a givax temperature the i stem is in equilibrium for a definite value of the pressure, called Ihe dissociation tension of calcium carbonate at the given temperature this tension depends exclusively upon the temperature it depends in no wise upon the masses of the independent components, lime, and carbonic anhydride, which make up the intern this is the celebrated law predicted by Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, demonstrated by Debray for the case that we have just taken as example, and confirmed by Debray and by G. Wiedemann vdien studying the dissociation of hydrated salts, and by Isambert from a study of the dissociation of compounds that ammonia gas forms with certain metallic chlorides. 

R6le of monovariant systems in the history of chemical mechanics.— The rdle that the monovariant systems have played in the history of chemical mechanics is well known it is because they appealed to monovariant systems that Debray, Isambert, Troost, and Hautefeuille found, in the study of chemical decompositions, in the study of allotropic modifications, a dissociation tension, a transformation tension, analogous to the tension of saturated vapors it is in showing the analogy between the dissociation tension, the transformation tension, and the tension of saturated vapor that th have made ev the most skeptic accept the far-reaching thought of Henri Sainte-Claire Deville Ihere is no chemical mechanics distinct from physical mechanics aU... 

We have not wished, on the other hand, that the exposition of these chapters of chemical mechanics, so new and so full of promise, detract from the study of the discoveries which have received the sanction of time and which to-day are classic. Disciple of Moutier, Debray, Troost, Hautefeuille, Gemez. we have not wished either to forget or let be foigotten that the union of Thermod3mamics and Chemistry was accomplished in France in the laboratory of the immortal Henri Sainte-Claire Deville. ... 

Henri Saint-Claire Deville, of France, and R. Bunsen, of Germany, independently accomplish the electrolysis of aluminum from sodium aluminum chloride. 

Not until 1855 did a French chemist, Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville (1818-81), work out an adequate method for preparing reasonably pure aluminum in moderate quantities. Even then, it was far more expensive than steel, so that it was used for ostentation, as, for instance, for the rattle of Napoleon Ill s infant son, or the cap at the top of the Washington Monument. 

Meanwhile, chemists of reputation continued to flock to the society before the end of December 1858, Louis Pasteur, Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, Friedrich Beilstein, Auguste Cahours and Louis Troost all became members, and the total membership reached 101. At the last meeting of 1858, Girard announced that some members of the society wished to expand its goals and activities eonsiderably others, such as Arnaudon, preferred to maintain the limited functions consistent with the origins of the group. Put to a vote, 36 of the 52 members present favoured allowing the society to expand the circle of its... 

Henri fitienne Sainte-Claire Deville (St. Thomas, West Indies, 11 March 1818-Boulogne, I July 1881) studied medicine in Paris and became M.D. in, 1843. Thenard s lectures attracted him to chemistry and he did research in a private laboratory, presenting his first paper, on turpentine, in 1839. He then devoted himself to chemistry and on Thenard s recommendation he was appointed professor and dean of the new faculty of science in Besan9on (1845-51). He worked incessantly and his important publications led to his appointment as Balard s successor as professor in the ficole Normale (1851-1880), acting also as substitute lecturer to Dumas in the Sorbonne from 1853,... 

Like benzene, toluene was also discovered in the pyrolysis of a renewable raw material, by Pierre J. Pelletier and Philippe Walter in 1837, during investigations into the by-products from the manufacture of illumination gas from pine resin. The name is derived from the small harbor-town of Tolu in Columbia, where Tolu balsam is produced. Henri Saint-Claire Deville was the first to produce toluene by destructive distillation of this renewable raw material in 1838. 

Paul Heroult was born in 1863 in the north of France and was seven years of age at the outbreak of the Franco-German war in 1870. He was then sent to his grandfather in London. Staying there for three years, he acquired a good knowledge of the English language. He returned to France and to his studies there. He learned chemistry and became very interested in Henri Sainte-Claire Deville and his research on aluminum. At this time aluminum was as expensive as silver. It was used mostly for luxury items and jewelry. Heroult wanted to make it cheaper. 

A committee from the French Academy, including, among others, Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, credited Lamy with the isolation of thaUium metal. However, there is no doubt that Crookes made the spectroscopic discovery of thaUium first in 1861. In tables of element discoveries, both are usuaUy credited. 

In 1854 Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville prepared silicon by electrolysis in coimection with his pioneer work with aluminum. He used a fused electrolyte of impure sodium aluminum chloride. The aluminum metal, obtained at the cathode, contained 10% silicon. When dissolved in add, bright silicon laminae stayed undissolved. It is interesting to note that Deville expressed the opinion that the element silicon is not a real metal. 

Professor Fremy had a student, Henri Moissan (1852-1907). He solved the problem with the isolation of fluorine. As did so many eminent chemists in the history of discovery of the elements, he began his career with medical chemistry. At 18 he became an apprentice in a Paris pharmacy. He continued to study chemistry with Edmond Fremy at the Ecole Polytechnique, and he attended lectures by E. H. Sainte-Claire Deville. Most Ukely it was Professor Fremy who interested him in fluorine chemistry and aroused his curiosity. 

In 1854, Henri Sainte-Claire Deville (1817-1881) improved Wohler s process. He replaced potassium with sodium, for two reasons the reduction of 1 mol of A1 uses 3 mol of Na (sodium), totalling 60 g, instead of 3 mol of K (potassium) amounting to 117 g. At that time, sodium was less expensive than potassium. He also replaced aluminium chloride, which is rather volatile, with a sodium aluminium chloride. 

Here Duhem is quoting Henri Sainte-Claire Deville, see Duhem (1902), edition Corpus 1985, p. 151. 

Division of Fina France S.A Rue Henri Sainte-Claire Deville 8 F-92563 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex France... 

Deville, Henri Sainte-Claire, 143, 145, 160, 264 Dewar, James, 96 ... 

Delville, Edotrard ( - ), 27 Depuydt, Juhen (1842-1919), 28,29 Deville, Henri Sainte-Claire (1818-1881), 94,104,106 Dijken, Bonno van (1866-1900), 200 Dobereiner, Joharm Wolfgang (1780-1849), 240... 

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