S-type curve

On the other hand, the Ji values exhibit positive deviation from ideal behaviour and are more dominant when the difference between the molecular-microscopic properties of both pure liquids is larger. The ji values of mixtures with both ILs are similar. For the mixtures with AN, the response pattern shows an S type curve, whereas in the mixtures with DMF, the behaviour is nearly ideal. Additionally, the results for MeOH + IL mixtures clearly reflect that the dipolarity/polarisability is dominated for the IL, showing the largest preferential solvation. These results could be related to the ion-indicator non-specific interactions which control the solvation pattern. 

Figure 1 Example of S-type curve indicating moderate toxicity, insufficient bacteria, or bacteria acclimatizing to sample.

Another indication of toxic effects can be seen if the oxygen demand is monitored on a daily or more frequent basis. An S-type curve could indicate toxicity (Figure 1). A similar curve also results from a low population of suitable microorganisms for a particular sample. In both cases the S shape is derived from the organisms adapting and increasing in population over a period of 1-3 days. 

Two-step isotherms were generated in two cases at pH 8 by isoproturon an L-type curve and at pH 5 by prometryn an S-type curve were formed. Giles suggested for L-type curves that molecules are oriented... 

One appropiate way to express the efficiency of a cyclone is in terms of a grade efficiency curve. In this case the efficiency is calculated for every particle size class and the resulting curve is an S-type curve with efficiency values between 0 and 1. In the test rig under investigation we can apply three models of grade efficiency calculation methods ... 

Normally PNP is adsorbed flatwise with an effective molecular area of 0.525 iun2. In some cases, on polar inorganic solids, it is adsorbed end-on with an effective area of 0.25 nm. The mode of adsorption is indicated by the type of isotherm generated, an S-type curve indicating end-on adsorption. 

Powder Insulation A method of reahzing some of the benefits of multiple floating shields without incurring the difficulties of awkward structural complexities is to use evacuated powder insulation. The penalty incurred in the use of this type of insulation, however, is a tenfold reduction in the overall thermal effectiveness of the insulation system over that obtained for multilayer insulation. In applications where this is not a serious factor, such as LNG storage facihties, and investment cost is of major concern, even unevacuated powder-insulation systems have found useful apphcations. The variation in apparent mean thermal conductivity of several powders as a function of interstitial gas pressure is shown in the familiar S-shaped curves of Fig. 11-121. ... 

The rotative speed of a pump is dependent upon the impeller characteristics, type fluid, NPSH available and other factors for its final determination. The most direct method is by reference to manufacturer s performance curves. VVTien a seemingly reasonable selection has been made, the effect of this selected speed on the factors such as NPSH required, suction head or lift, fluid erosion and corrosion, etc., must be evaluated. For many systems these factors are of no concern or consequence. 

Two types of redox systems (Fig. 7) are used for batteries [14]. The standard potential (E°) of MnO 2 should be a good representation of the total energy of the oxide. For two-phase systems such as Pb02, Ag20, HgO, etc., the initial potential (E ) and middle potential (Em ) are equal to E°, from which we can calculate AF (-nFE°). For MnOz, a one-phase system, as shown in Fig. 7(A), the E (initial potential) cannot be used as E°. Ko-zawa proposed the middle potential (Em) of the S-shaped curve to be used as the E°... 

These type curves can be related to the plastic s degree of flexibility as depicted by Fig. 2-10. 

The PETN Detonation Pressure, P (also called the CJ Pressure), is shown as a function of packing density in Table 7 and in Fig 4. Note that the measured P values in Fig 4 lie quite close to the theoretical curve developed by Lee Homig (Ref 72), which is based on a Wilkin s type equation of state (see Vol 4, D294-L) with a Grueneisen ratio, r, for the detonation products, that is solely a function of specific volume. Shea et al obtained an effective T = 8.077 p-12.288 (Ref 74)... 

To understand this view, it is necessary to understand an interest as a mental representation of a utility. Interests have different properties, among them a "characteristic period of dominance a length of time when an interest s discount curve rises above those of its competitors. The period will depend on the kinds of rewards the interest has arisen to exploit and on the intrinsic limitations of their particular modes of exploitation. This period, in turn, will have major effects on what behaviors particular interests typically favor" (Ainslie 1992,96). In this perspective, he defines addictions as behavior caused by interests that dominate other interests in periods ranging from hours to days and states that addictions have a "clear phase of conscious though temporary preference, followed by an equally clear period of regret" (Ibid., 97). Other types of interest have other periods of dominance. The period of domination for pains is fractions of seconds, that for itches seconds to minutes, and that for sellouts months to years. 

Nukiyama s boiling curve is shown in Fig. 1. He concluded that at least two types of boiling occur for water, one was below 300° F. and one above 570° F. He postulated that a third type might exist, represented by the dotted line on the figure. It was obvious that if this third type.existed it would have a.peculiar characteristic any increase in the... 

The reaction of ChE s of different origin towards a homologous scries of choline esters permits a further classification within this group. This is exemplified in Fig. 1 for two representative types, the true ChE from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus and the pseudo ChE from human plasma, both acting on acetylcholine as substrate. The curves show hydrolytic rates as function of pS = —log (substrate concentration) and demonstrate a fundamental difference between the two enzymes The true type exhibits a bell-shaped pactivity curve, indicative of autoinhibition at high substrate concentrations (18). The pseudo enzyme, on the other hand, possesses a tS-shaped curve i.e., the maximum rate is reached at and beyond an optimal substrate concentration. 

Figure 8.3 s cost curve is based on floating-head shell/tube exchanger construction with carbon steel shell and tubes. The cost figures may reasonably be extrapolated up to 10,000 ft2 of bare outside tube surface area. The subsequent tables, Tables 8.8 to 8.12, include factors for design type, materials of construction, and design pressures up to 1000 psi. Cost factors for foundations, field materials, field labor, and indirect cost may be obtained from these tables. Add each applicable factor, then multiply by Fig. 8.3 base cost. You may interpolate between values shown. 

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