S-curves

By plotting the cumulative resource weighting against time, the planned progress of the project can be illustrated, as shown in Figure 12.8. This type of plot Is often referred to as an S -Curve, as projects often need time to gain momentum and slow down towards completion (unlike the example shown). 

Replotting the data on a lorgarithmic time scale as shown in Fig. 4.8b has an interesting effect. Figure 4.8b shows that this modification produces a far more uniform set of S curves. As a matter of fact, if the various curves are shifted along the horizontal axis, they may be superimposed over a wide portion of the transformation. The arrows in Fig. 4.8b show this displacement of the data at 126 and 130°C to correspond to the data at 128°C. This superpositioning is examined in the example below. 

The corresponding oxygen s curves in Figure 8.20 support these conclusions. The peak at about 529 eV is due to oxygen atoms but a peak at about 530.5 eX due to undissociated NO, is not as well resolved as for the nitrogen lx peaks. 

FIG. 14-119 Aerodynamic cut diameter for a tyj)ical packed-bed entrainment separator as a function of pacldng size, bed depth, and three gas velocities curve 1-1.5 m/s, curve 2-3.0 m/s, and curve. 3-4.5 m/s. To convert meters to feet, multiply by. 3.281 to convert centimeters to inches, multiply by 0..394. [Calveti, J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 24, 929 (1974).]... 

It is the energy in the liquid rec]uired to overcome the friction los.ses from the suction nozzle to the eye of the impeller without causing vaporization. It is a characteristic of the pump and is indicated on the pump s curve. It varies by design, size, and the operating conditions. It is determined by a lift test, producing a negative pressure in inches of mercury and converted into feet of required NPSH. 

Step 8 Calculate step on the bypass valve. Now that the Ac bypass of the bypass valve is known, this must he translated into a new valve position. A similar process as described in Step 6 is used. However, in this case there is not an absolute value of c, but instead a Ac. Therefore, first determine the actual bypass bet- This is accomplished by taking the actual bypass valve position and using tlie manufacturer s curve (Figure 7-9). From this point, the method to determine the new valve position is the same as described in Step 6. 

Fig ure 7-9. The bypass valve position can also be determined from the valve s curve. 

Baker and his colleagues (1983) compared the Strehlow et al. (1979) curves to experimental data, then applied them in research programs, accident investigations, and predictive studies. They developed the methods for use of Strehlow s curves. 

FIGURE 15.12 71 versus [S] curves for an allosteric V system. The V system fits the model of Moiiod, Wyman, and Chaiigeux, given the following conditions (1) R and T have the affinity for the substrate, S. (2) The effectors A and I have different affinities for R and T and thus can shift the relative T/R distribution. (That is, A and I change the apparent value of L.) Assume as before that A binds only to the R state and I binds only to the T state. (3) R and T differ in their catalytic ability. Assume that R is the enzymatically active form, whereas T is inactive. Because A perturbs the T/R equilibrium in favor of more R, A increases the apparent Vmax- I favors transition to the inactive T state. 

A pump may now be selected using water as the equivalent fluid with capacity of 126.3 GPM and head of 89.6 feet. The selecdon should be made at or very near to the point (or region) of peak performance as shown on the manufacturer s curves. 

T.T.S curves as those in Fig. 3.21 can be developed for material cooled very rapidly following solution treatment but the C curve range is a OO-550°C and the nose is at very short times. Freedom from sensitisation in welding can be obtained by ensuring extremely low carbon (and nitrogen) but such levels are not commercially feasible. Stabilisation by niobium and titarium is feasible, but higher ratios are needed than with austenitic steels. With most of the super ferritic group a combination of a practical low carbon level and titanium addition is used. 

Konowalow s curves for three typical mixtures are shown in Figs. 71-73. Each total pressure curve may be regarded as built up from two partial pressure curves, the ordinate of every point being the sum of the partial pressures over the liquid having the composition of the... 

The theorem of Konowalow is the basis of the remarkably interesting Faraday Lecture to the London Chemical Society given by Ostwald in 1904. He points out that the considerations which have been summarised above in connection with Konowalow s curves lead to the general law that it is possible in every case to separate solutions into a finite number of hylotropic hoilies. A hylotropic body is characterised by the circumstance that it may be converted completely from one phase into another in a given process under fixed conditions (e.constant temperature or constant pressure) without variation of the properties of the residue and of the new phase. The apparent exceptions furnished by mixtures of maximum or... 

FIGURE 3-17 Adsorptive stripping potentiogranis for 0.5 ppm calf-thymus DNA following different adsorption times of 1-150 s (curves a-f) (Reproduced with permission from reference 38.)... 

FIGURE 21.2 Macroscopic stress-strain (S-S) curve of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizate. 

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