S- thiosulfates

The reaction of a dibromochalcone with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in pyridine gave three products with the expected 2-isoxazoline product as the predominate compound. A ring bromination product and an isoxazole were also isolated (70UC796). The reaction of hydroxylamine with /S-thiosulfates of propiophenone at reflux produced 3-phenyl-2-isoxazo-line (455). At room temperature a bis-Michael product (456) was produced. The reaction with N -phenylhydroxylamine yielded a mono-Michael type product (457) (74CPB1990). 

Ficeriova, J. Balaz, P. Boldizarova, E. Jelen, S. Thiosulfate leaching of gold from a mechanically activated Cu-Pb-Zn concentrate. Hydrometallurgy 2002, 67, 37-43. 

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria grow by oxidizing mainly hydrogen sulfide (H2S), elemental sulfur (S°), thiosulfate (S2032-) with molecular oxygen (02) [in some cases, with nitrate (N03 ) (cf. Fig. 1.9)] (Fig. 1.13). 

Reaction of the newly prepared and characterized cation trans-[Co(en)2(S203)(OH2)], containing S-bonded thiosulfate, with nitrite or thiocyanate follows a second-order rate law. It is much more likely that this is to be explained by a dissociative interchange than by an associative mechanism. Rate constants and activation parameters (A// and A5 ) are reported. The S-thiosulfate ligand has a considerably smaller fran -labilizing effect than S-sulfite. The hydroxo complex tr(3n5 -[Co(en)2(S203)(OH)] is less reactive than the aquo complex. 

Bunte salts s. Thiosulfates 2-Butanone as solvent 14, 8 Butenolides s. a. a,/ -Ethylene-y-lactones... 

S H2S + F(excess) = S + 2 1 + 2 Back-titrate excess F with standard thiosulfate solution. 

Noncnzymc-Catalyzcd Reactions The variable-time method has also been used to determine the concentration of nonenzymatic catalysts. Because a trace amount of catalyst can substantially enhance a reaction s rate, a kinetic determination of a catalyst s concentration is capable of providing an excellent detection limit. One of the most commonly used reactions is the reduction of H2O2 by reducing agents, such as thiosulfate, iodide, and hydroquinone. These reactions are catalyzed by trace levels of selected metal ions. Eor example the reduction of H2O2 by U... 

Sulfur Complexes. Silver compounds other than sulfide dissolve in excess thiosulfate. Stable silver complexes are also formed with thiourea. Except for the cyanide complexes, these sulfur complexes of silver are the most stable. In photography, solutions of sodium or ammonium thiosulfate fixers are used to solubilize silver hahdes present in processed photographic emulsions. When insoluble silver thiosulfate is dissolved in excess thiosulfate, various silver complexes form. At low thiosulfate concentrations, the principal silver species is Ag2(S203) 2j high thiosulfate concentrations, species such as Ag2(S203) 3 are present. Silver sulfide dissolves in alkaline sulfide solutions to form complex ions such as Ag(S 2 Ag(HS) 4. These ions are... 

Iodized Salt. Iodized table salt has been used to provide supplemental iodine to the U.S. population since 1924, when producers, in cooperation with the Michigan State Medical Society (24), began a voluntary program of salt iodization in Michigan that ultimately led to the elimination of iodine deficiency in the United States. More than 50% of the table salt sold in the United States is iodized. Potassium iodide in table salt at levels of 0.006% to 0.01% KI is one of two sources of iodine for food-grade salt approved by the U.S. Food and Dmg Administration. The other, cuprous iodide, is not used by U.S. salt producers. Iodine may be added to a food so that the daily intake does not exceed 225 p.g for adults and children over four years of age. Potassium iodide is unstable under conditions of extreme moisture and temperature, particularly in an acid environment. Sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate is added to increase alkalinity, and sodium thiosulfate or dextrose is added to stabilize potassium iodide. Without a stabilizer, potassium iodide is oxidized to iodine and lost by volatilization from the product. Potassium iodate, far more stable than potassium iodide, is widely used in other parts of the world, but is not approved for use in the United States. 

Ofner Method. This method is for the determination of invert sugar in products with up to 10% invert in the presence of sucrose and is a copper-reduction method that uses Ofner s solution instead of Fehling s. The reduced cuprous oxide is treated with excess standardized iodine, which is black-titrated with thiosulfate using starch indicator. 

The low value of the S—S force constant compared to that of S—O is consistent with the ease of cleavage of the S—S bond. Spectral data indicate that the stmcture of the thiosulfate ion in soHd thiosulfates is the same as that of the ion in solution. 

X-ray crystallographic analysis of the sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate [10102-17-7] crystal indicates a tetrahedral stmcture for the thiosulfate ion. The S—S bond distance is 197 pm the S—O bond distance is 148 pm (5). Neutron diffraction of a barium thiosulfate monohydrate [7787-40-8] crystal confirms the tetrahedral stmcture and bond distances for the thiosulfate ion (6). 

Economic Aspects. As of 1995, two manufacturers produced sodium thiosulfate in the United States with an estimated total capacity of 30,000 metric tons. Despite declining volume, prices have increased, reflecting increased taw material, energy, and labor costs. Production outside of the United States is at least 25%i of the U.S. production, mainly in Germany. 

Sodium ethyl thiosulfate [26264-37-9] is also known as Bunte s salt after the name of its discoverer. Bunte salts may be thought of as esters of thiosulfuric acid (94—96). In essentially all of their chemical reactions, the cleavage is between the divalent and hexavalent sulfur atom. For example, acid hydrolysis produces a thiol and the acid sulfate ... 

We now consider other homocyclic polymorphs of sulfur containing 6 - 20 S atoms per ring. A rhombohedral form, t-sulfur, was first prepared by M. R. Engel in 1891 by the reaction of concentrated HCl on a saturated solution of thiosulfate HS2O3 at 0°. It was shown to be... 

The residue is dissolved in ether and the solution is washed with sodium chloride solution and then with a little sodium thiosulfate solution. The ethereal solution is dried over sodium sulfate and ether removed by distillation. A yield of 108 parts of 3,5,5-trimethyl-oxazolidine-2,4-dione is obtained having a melting point of 45° to 46°C with slight softening at 43°C. This represents a 75% theory yield on the ethyl o-hydroxy-iso-butyrate taken. The product may be further purified by dissolving the minimum quantity of dry ether and cooling to -10°C. The product so obtained melts sharply at 45.5° to 46.5°C, according to U.S. Patent 2,559,011. 

Iodine reacts with thiosulfate ion, S 2-, to give iodide ion and the tetrathionate ion, S4062-. 

Nucleophilic catalysis is also observed with iodide ions. Fluoride ion does not form nitrosyl fluoride under diazotization conditions, as is to be expected from Pearson s hard and soft acids and bases principle which was discussed briefly in Section 3.2. More recently, nucleophilic catalysis has also been shown to occur with thiocyanate ion (SCN ), thiosulfate ion (HS2Of), dimethyl sulfide, and thiourea (H2NCSNH2) or its alkyl derivatives (see below). 

L.l Sodium thiosulfate, photographer s hypo, reacts with unexposed silver bromide in film emulsion ... 

L.21 Thiosulfate ions (S,0,2-) disproportionate in acidic solution to give solid sulfur (S) and hydrogen sulfite ion (HSO ) ... 

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