Ruthenium oxide - glass

This section describes the characteristics and issues associated with the material ruthenium oxide/glass that is widely used in thick film resistor paste. 

Figure 4-5 The composition dependence of the electrical resistance of ruthenium oxide/glass resistors.

Since the firing of resistive paste (ruthenium oxide/glass) is usually carried out in the atmosphere without the introduction of reducing gas, this... 

Fig. 9.5. The electrical resistance R(T) for some typical thermometers. A-B denotes Allen-Bradley carbon resistor. Speer is a carbon resistor. CG is carbon-in-glass. CX 1050 is a Cernox and RX 202A is a ruthenium oxide from LakeShore. Ge 100 and Ge 1000 are Cryocal germanium thermometers [45]. 

From the macro point of view, it is possible to control electrical resistance by changing the volume ratio of the ruthenium oxide and glass, as shown in Figure 4-5 [9]. Various models have been suggested for the... 

In addition, the amount of mthenium oxide dissolved in the glass is very little at less than 0.5%, and since interface reactions between ruthenium oxide and glass are not observed, the impact of the interfacial phenomenon on the value of resistance is small [21, 22]. 

Syngas Homologation of Acetic Acid. To a N2-flushed liquid mix of acetic acid (50.0 gm) and methyl iodide (5.67 gm, 40 mmole), set in a glass liner is added 0.763 gm of ruthenium(IV) oxide, hydrate (4.0 mmole). The mixture is stirred to partially dissolve the ruthenium and the glass liner plus contents charged to a 450 ml rocking autoclave. The reactor is sealed, flushed... 

Ruthenium Dioxide (by Pichler).190 A mixture of 1 g of ruthenium powder, 10 g of potassium hydroxide, and 1 g of potassium nitrate is fused in a silver (or a nickel) crucible. It is recommended that the potassium nitrate be added not simultaneously but in portion after portion. In 1-2 h the fusion is complete. After cooling, the mass is dissolved with water into a solution. The dark red solution of potassium ruthenate is heated to boiling, and methanol is added to this dropwise. Immediately after the first drop of methanol has been added, the reduction of the ruthenate to ruthenium dioxide takes place and the reduction is completed in a few minutes. After leaving the precipitate for 1-2 h, the precipitate is collected on a glass filter, washed 7 times with a dilute nitric acid solution and then 18 times with distilled water, and dried at 110°C for 24 h in a desiccator. Pichler s dioxide thus prepared does not show any distinct diffraction patterns corresponding to the oxide of ruthenium and is partly soluble into hot concentrated hydrochloric acid. These facts suggest that Pichler s dioxide is a mixture of the oxide and the hydroxide of ruthenium.191... 

Violent reacdon with acids (e.g., nitric or sulfuric), chromium trioxide, ruthenium, selenium tetrafluoride (above 106°C), metals, metal oxides, metal salts, nonmetals, nonmetal salts, organic matter, glass wool, acedc acid, Al, Sb, As, Cu, Ir, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mo, Os, P, K, Rh, Se, Si, Ag, Na, S, Te, Sn, W, Zn, oxides, CO, graphite, HgL, HNO3,... 

Zirconium oxide increases the refractive index of some optical glasses, and is used for dispersion hardening of platinum and ruthenium. Very fine zirconium oxide has been used for polishing glass but ceria seems to be preferred. 

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