Ruthenium 3 3+ oxidation

In the solvent-extraction process, the platinum metal concentrate is solubilized in acid using chlorine oxidant. Ruthenium and osmium are separated by turning them into the volatile tetroxides. 

Tungsten halides, 3, 974, 984, 988 synthesis, 3,974 Tungsten hexaalkoxides physical properties, 2,347 Tungsten oxide ruthenium oxide support... 

Using nitrile oxides, various compounds and materials possessing valuable properties have been prepared. Among them are thin-film resistors useful for a thermal head and comprising a nitrile oxide, ruthenium and oxygen, a method for manufacturing the resistor by coating or deposition (529), isoxazole and/or isoxazoline polyheterocyclic systems like 458, which are useful for development of a new class of ionophores (530). 

A method for the study of ET from a protein metal center to a surface ruthenium has been developed by Lieber [26]. In this method, Ru(bpy) " acts as an oxidant, selectively removing an electron from a surface a5Ru(IIXhistidine). A Ni/RBr scavenger system (Ni(II)hexamethyltetraaza-cyclododeeane and an alkyl bromide) oxidizes the Ru(bpy)3 before it can back react with the a5Ru(IIIXhistidine) complex. ET from the reduced protein metal center to the oxidized ruthenium can be monitored spectroscopically. 

The electrochemical behavior of chlorpromazine hydrochloride in 0.2M H2SO4 was studied by cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry at an oxidized and a non-oxidized ruthenium wire electrode [173]. Preparation of a stable and permanent coating of RuOj on the electrode was very time-consuming, but the resulting curves were highly reproducible. The... 

The observed ratio of [HRu3(CO)n] to [Ru(CO)3I3] in solutions after catalysis is sometimes found to vary from the 2 1 ratio shown by (59). This may be expected if acids or bases (e.g., a basic solvent) are involved in oxidation or reduction processes, which can interconvert the two such equilibria can change with pressure (193). Nevertheless, these two species are normally observed to be stable under catalytic conditions, and a combination of the two is found to provide the optimum catalytic rates (e.g., see Fig. 21). Catalyst solutions derived from nonhalide salt promoters are presumed to contain [HRu3(CO)n] and an oxidized ruthenium species analogous to [Ru(CO)3I3]-, although no detailed studies of such systems have been reported. 

ORTA — refers to an oxidized ruthenium titanium anode (ORTA) whereby a titanium substrate is covered by ruthenium dioxide. ORTA is the term commonly encountered in the Russian literature, whereas the term -> dimensionally stable electrode (anode) (DSA) is used in the English literature [i] (although DSA can also refer to a Ti substrate covered with a multi-metal... 

Oxidized ruthenium titanium anode dimensionally stable electrodes, and -> electrode materials, subentry - ORTA... 

In the quenching reaction of A-[Ru(bpy)3]2+ by [Co(ox)3]3- and Co(acac)3, only the homochiral preference was observed in water, whereas the stereoselectivity of the quenching by [Co(ox)3]3 becomes reverse in 80% methanol-water. These results suggest that the stereoselectivity is determined not only by the photoin-duced electron transfer but also by the different elementary step such as the reverse reaction. The photoreduction of the cobalt(III) complex by the ruthen-ium(II) complex involves various elementary steps, as shown in Scheme 11. Considering this scheme, one can easily understand that the overall photoreduction of the cobalt(III) complexes is determined by not only the quenching process but also the reverse reaction between the reduced Co(II) complexes and the oxidized ruthenium(III) complex. This conclusion is essentially the same as that reported by Ohkubo and his collaborators. 

Both are dimers in the solid and in the vapor. They dissolve in water, undergoing hydrolysis, but in HX the ions AuXi are formed. Gold(III) chloride is a powerful oxidant, being reduced to Au it will, for example, oxidize ruthenium complexes in aqueous solution to Ru04. 

Inui found an accelerating efiect of CO on carbon dioxide methanation over a supported nickel lanthanum oxide ruthenium catalyst [158] and a systematic comparison of the catalytic efficiencies of the atumina supported noble metals Pi, Pd, Kh. Ir and Ku was reported by Solymosi [tS9. He found that (he specific rates for the formation ofCH decrease in the order Ru > Kh > Pt - Ir - Pd. 

Quenching of Ru(bipy)32+ by the organic cations trans-1,2-bis(N-methYl-4-pyridyl)ethylene and l,l -dimethy 1-4,4 -bipyridine (paraquat ) and by the transition metal ion complexes Fe(H20)g and Ru(NH3) 3+ occurs at near diffusion controlled rates (241). In all four cases flash studies indicated that electron transfer is a principal component of the quenching mechanism. Selective excitation of Ru(bipy)3 in the presence of these quenchers (Qqx produced the oxidized ruthenium complex, Ru(bipy)33+, and the reduced quencher, Qj-gd quenching... 

Where the Fischer-Tropsch process has been used on an industrial scale, iron or cobalt are the essential catalyst components. Technical catalysts also contain oxidic promoters, such as alumina and potassium oxide. Ruthenium and nickel are most attractive for academic research since they produce the simplest product packages. Nickel is used for methanation (production of substitute natural gas and removal of carbon monoxide impurities from hydrogen). 

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