Russell fragmentation

Russell fragmentation RO4R — 2RO -1- Oj is a minor reaction sometimes observed, followed by RO — ROH -1- R")... 

Rupture of fractal (flocculated) aggregates of polystyrene latices in simple shear flow and converging flow was studied by Sonntag and Russel (1986, 1987b). For simple shear flow and low electrolyte concentrations, the critical fragmentation number decreases sharply with agglomerate radius (R) as... 

Russell WA, Papanastassiou DA, Tombrello TA (1978b) Ca isotope fractionation on the Earth and other solar system materials. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 42 1075-1090 Scharer U, Allegre CJ (1982) Uranium-lead system in fragments of a single zircon grain. Nature 295 585-587... 

In this reaction, a 5 -phosphate end group is formed and the base is released. The products that result from the C(l )-C(3 ) fragment are not yet fully established. Malonaldehyde is a potential one. For this product to be formed, the C(3 ) per-oxyl radical has to be reduced, e.g., via the Russell mechanism (Chap. 8.8). 

Russell V, Hold G, Pryde S, et al. (2(X)0). Use of restriction fragment length polymorphism to distinguish between salmon species. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48 2184—2188. 

Russell S. J., Hawkins R. E., and Winter G., Retroviral vectors displaying functional antibody fragments, Vudeic Adrfi 21(5), 1081-1085, 1993. 

Russell, VJ., Hold, G.L., Pryde, S.E., Rehbein, H., Quinteiro, J., Rey-Mendez, M., Sotelo, C.G., Perez-Martin, R.I., Santos, A.T., and Rosa, C. 2000. Use of restriction fragment length polymorphism to distinguish between salmon species. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48, 2184-2188. 

Roy SW, Hudson AJ, Joseph J, Yee J, Russell AG. Numerous fragmented spliceosomal introns. AT-AC splicing, and an unusual dynein gene expression pathway in Giardia lamblia. Mol Biol Evol. 2012 29 43-9. 

J.W. Morgan and D.H. Russell, Comparative studies of 193-nm photodissociation and TOF-TOFMS analysis of bradykinin analogues The effect of charge site(s) and fragmentation timescales, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 17, 721-729 (2006). 

There is certainly strong experimental evidence for the existence of radical-solvent complexes. For instance, Russell and co-workers collected experimental evidence for radical-complex formation in studies of the photochlorination of 2,3-dimethylbutane in various solvents. In this work, different products were obtained in aliphatic and aromatic solvents, and this was attributed to formation of a Jl-complex between the Cl atom and the aromatic solvent. Complex formation was confirmed by flash photolysis. Complex formation was also proposed to explain experimental results for the addition of trichloromethane radical to 3-phenylpropene and to 4-phenyl-1-butene and for hydrogen abstraction of the t-butoxy radical from 2,3-dimethylbutane. Furthermore, complexes between nitroxide radicals and a large number of aromatic solvents have been detected. " Evidence for complexes between polymer radicals and solvent molecules was collected by Hatada et al., in an analysis of initiator fragments from the polymerization of MMA-d with AIBN and BPO initiators. They discovered that the ratio of disproportionation to combination depended on the solvent, and interpreted this as evidence for the formation of a polymer radical-solvent complex that suppresses the disproportionation reaction. 

The recognized fragmentation steps of nitro radical anions are summarized in (7)-(l 1) (Russell and Dedolph, 1985). In the fragmentation processes... 

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