Russell image

To obtain a Russell image, flat objects can be placed in direct contact with the film overnight. With thin, flat objects this imaging can be done conveniently inside an X-ray cassette. The film is developed by using conventional fixer and developer, in this case Ilford Phenisol and Hypam, respectively, each diluted to 20 by volume of the stock concentration. The mechanism of sensitization to hydrogen peroxide is not clear but may be due to an increase in silver ion concentration in the photographic emulsion (14). 

Figure 1. A Russell image of a page from a hook. The paper has been exposed to light at the center, the top, and the bottom.

Figure 2. A Russell image of six segments of a 17th century hook paper. Clockwise from the top the treatments were water, barium hydroxide, aluminum sulfate, calcium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, and no...

Figure 3. A Russell image of two partially superimposed filter papers.

Figure 5. Top, a Russell image of a Bank of England 5 note and bottom, the same image with a piece of abraded aluminum placed behind it to detect the watermark.

Read ND, Allan WTG, Knight H, Knight MR, Malho R, Russell A, Shacklock PS, Trewavas AJ. Imaging and measurement of cytosolic free calcium in plant and fungal cells. JMicrosc 1992 166 57-86. 

Schuhmanngiampieri G, Krestin G (1991) Invest Radiol 26 975 laina A, Weininger J, Abrashkin S (1988) Magn Reson Imaging 6 131 Terlouw SA, Tanriseven O, Russel FGM, Masereeuw R (2000) J Pharmacol Exp Ther... 

As depicted in Figure 4.1, the visual and other sensory components of destination image are interwoven with the affective responses to places and destinations. One line of work that has explored the emotional images of places is that of Ward and Russell (1981) and subsequent developments of that work (Russell et ah, 1989). 

Magnetic resonance imaging has greater sensitivity than CT for the changes of cerebral venous thrombosis (Bousser and Ross Russell 1997 Ferro et at 2007). In the acute phase, at less than three to five days, the thrombus is isointense on both Ti- and T2-weighted sequences. Subsequently, the thrombus becomes hyperintense (Fig. 29.3). After two to three weeks, findings depend on whether or not the sinus remains occluded or whether it is partly or completely recanalized. 

Karamanska R, Clarke J, Blixt O, MacRae JI, Zhang JQ, Crocker PR, Laurent N, Wright A, Flitsch SL, Russell DA, Field RA (2008) Surface plasmon resonance imaging for real-time, label-free analysis of protein interactions with carbohydrate microarrays. GlycoconJ J 25 69-74... 

Oxidation is one of the major mechanisms for the degradation of paper, and the Russell effect has considerable potential as a tool for studying the way conservation treatments alter the progress of oxidation. Practically, the optical density of the images obtained could be determined by spectrophotometry, and a numerical comparison of sample images on the same sheet of film could be obtained. As yet, a mathematical... 

Routine methods are already available to test materials for their potential evolution of hydrogen sulfide (19) however, none exist for hydrogen peroxide. The Russell effect appears to be of use here as the sensitized film is exposed by hydrogen peroxide the density of the image produced depends on the rate of evolution of peroxide and the contact time of the sample and film. By placing samples of materials to be tested in contact with the film, an image can be obtained and subsequently the materials can be ranked in order of their suitability. 

A possible use for the Russell effect is to detect areas of repair on museum objects. Epoxy and polyester resins produce strong images on a Russellgraph and can be easily detected against completely inert stone, ceramic, or metal. Used in this way, the technique is one of the few truly nondestructive testing methods as no incident energy is necessary to obtain the desired information. 

Figure 21 Backscattered electron image of an unaltered type A inclusion in the unequihbrated ordinary chondrite Quinyamhie. Abbreviations as used previously (photo modified from Russell et al, 1996) (reproduced by permission of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from Science 1996, 273, 757-762).

ERPF can also be measured using the radioisotopes I-orthoiodo-hippurate or Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine. One important advantage of this method is its ability to measure ERPF in total or for each kidney independently, as well as its ability to produce renal images. Russell and Dubovsky, using a single-injection technique, compared clearance methods with and without urine collection and showed similar results with each method. 

Fig. 1. Hertzsprung-Russell diagram a plot of luminosity (absolute magnitude) against the colours of the brightest stars ranging from the high-temperature blue-white stars on the left side of the diagram to the low temperature red stars on the right side. Original image by Richard Powell licensed for derivative works and redistribution under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 2.5 License...

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