Wallace, Alfred Russel

Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913) British naturalist, who in 1848 went on an expedition to the Amazon, and in 1854 travelled to the Malay Archipelago. There he noticed the differences between the animals of Asia and Australasia and devised Wallace s line, which separates them. This led him to develop a theory of evolution through natural selection, v ch coincided with the views of Charles Darwin their theories were presented Jointly to the Linnaean Society in 1858. 

Spruce s Notes didn t appear in print until 1908. (They were edited by Alfred Russel Wallace, who simultaneously with Darwin conceived the theory of evolution.) Spruce suspected that additives were responsible for the psychoactivity of this beverage, although he noted that Banisteriopsis by itself was considered mentally active. The samples he sent to England for chemical analysis weren t located and assayed until more than a century later. Examined in 1966, they were still psychoactive. 

Hancock s (1977, p. 12) discussion of chronometry drew attention to Oppel s careful, precise rock-layer measurements and fossil collecting in establishing a method by which the record of irreversible evolution of life on earth could be documented. Hancock (1977, p. 12) pointed out that Oppel s complete work was published in the same year that Alfred Russell Wallace and Charles Robert Darwin read their joint paper to the Linnean Society of London, On the Tendency of Species to Form Varieties, and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. Hancock (1977, p. 12) commented that Oppel himself remarked that the more accurately the fossils are examined and species defined, the greater the number of zonal divisions that could be recognized. ... 

Alfred Russell Wallace and many others since the mid 1850s which demonstrated that most organisms are limited in their distribution to certain geographic areas. Modern land and marine organisms are members of faunal or floral aggregates that collectively comprise the fauna or flora of a... 

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace—Popularizers of the Theory of Evolution ... 

The idea of natural selection as a source of new species was later to be co-discovered by Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913). Wallace, unlike Lyell and Darwin, was raised in poverty and had no formal higher education at all, learning his knowledge of biology by extensive field experience in the Amazon and East Indies. At 21, Wallace was introduced to spiritualism and would later become a leader in the spiritism movement and write on the subject. Wallace wrote a two-part article on the subject and later the definitive textbook, Miracles and Modern Spiritualism n 1876 (Morris 1989 171). 

By a remarkable coincidence, Alfred Russel Wallace - a professional plant collector, working in the tropics of South East Asia - hit upon more-or-less the same theory of species origin as Darwin (Raby, 2002). He commimicated his ideas directly to Darwin in a letter from Ternate, Eastern Indonesia. Wallace s essay was published in 1858 as On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type (Darwin and Wallace, 1858 Darwin contributed a few items to the presentation but had no input into Wallace s title essay). Wallace s communication has great significance, as it helped inspire Darwin to complete what he called the abstract of his theory, the book that became On the Origin of Species. 

Raby, P. (2002). Alfred Russel Wallace A Life. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press. 

Shermer, M. (2002). In Darwin s Shadow The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace A Biographical Study on the Psychology of History. Oxford Oxford University Press. 

Bates, Henry Walter (1825-1892) A self-taught naturalist and explorer horn in England, Bates accompanied anthropologist-biologist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) on a scientific expedition to South America between 1848 and 1852, which he described in his 1864 work, The Naturalist on the River Amazons. He collected thousands of plant and animal species, most of them unknown to science, and was the first to study the survival phenomenon of insect mimicry. For nearly thirty years he was secretary of the Royal Geographical Society and also served as president of the Entomological Society of London. 

Brachman, Arnold. A Delicate Arrangement The Strange Case of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. New York Times Books, 1980. 

Knapp, S. (2005). Footsteps in the forest Alfred Russel Wallace in the Amazon. London Natural History Museum. 

BCnapp, S. (2008c). Alfred Russel Wallace, conservation and sustainable development In Natural selection and beyond the intellectual influence of Alfred Russel Wallace, C. Smith and... 

The development of the classical evolutionary theory is often attributed to Charles Darwin and his major publication On the origin of species by means of natural selection (Darwin, 1859) and his fellow countryman Alfred Russell Wallace (Wallace, 1871). 

Charles Darwin in a letter to Alfred Russell Wallace. 

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