Rubbers extending oils

Determination of hydrocarbon groups in rubber extender oils by clay-gel adsorption (ASTM D2007)... 

Any petroleum process oil used in the manufacture of rubber and rubber products. Rubber oils may be used either as rubber extender oils or as rubber process oils. Rubber extender oils are used by the synthetic rubber manufacturer to soften stiff elastomers and reduce their unit volume cost while improving performance characteristics of the rubber. Rubber process oils are used by the manufacturer of finished rubber products (tires, footwear, tubing, etc.) to speed mixing and compounding, modify the physical properties of the elastomer, and facilitate processing of the final product. 

Polystyrene-Internal Lubricants/PVC-Eaternal Lubricants Plastics Annealing/Catalyst Carriers Thermoplastic Rubber-Extender Oils... 

Note 11 —The factor included in the calculation for the 5 g sample is established experimentally to maintain continuity of results over a wide range of polar compounds in rubber extender oils. 

Uses Plasticizer, lubricant for PS, PVC, annealing, catalyst carriers, thermoplastic rubber extender oils lubricant for pharmaceuticals, bakery pan oils, food pkg., lubes/greases in food industry, cosmetic creams/lotions, suntan oils, sunscreens adhesives household cleaners and polishes protective coating on foods defoamer... 

Mineral oils also known as extender oils comprise of a wide range of minimum 1000 different chemical components (Figure 32.6) and are used extensively for reduction of compound costs and improved processing behaviors.They are also used as plastisizers for improved low temperature properties and improved rubber elasticity. Basically they are a mixture of aromatic, naphthanic, paraffinic, and polycyclic aromatic (PCA) materials. Mostly, 75% of extender oils are used in the tread, subtread, and shoulder 10%-15% in the sidewall approximately 5% in the inner Uner and less than 10% in the remaining parts for a typical PCR tire. In total, one passanger tire can contain up to 700 g of oil. 

M. Joona, Non-carcinogenic tire extender oils providing good dynamic performance. Rubber World, 235(4), 15, 2007. 

The addition of a high proportion (40-50 phr) of a rubber processing oil to an elastomer with the object of improving the processibility of a tough polymer and/or cheapening the compound. See Oil Extended Polymer. 

Petroleum oils are offered to the rubber industry to meet two basic processing and compound requirements to act as a processing additive, or to act as a rubber extender and softener. The classification depends upon the oil volume added to the rubber compound. As processing additives, the oil addition level is usually no more than 5-10 phr for additions in excess of this the oils are regarded as extenders. 

Solvents, extender oils, and insoluble monomers are used throughout the rubber industry. In addition, miscellaneous oils are used to lubricate machinery. Laboratory analysis indicates the presence of oil and grease in the raw wastewater of these plants. Oil and grease entering the wastewater streams are removed by chemical coagulation, dissolved air flotation, and, to some extent, biological oxidation. 

The materials are melt-process able and a critical stress for flow is observed, similar to conventional PP/EPDM-based TPVs. Application of static crosslinking leads to (partial) connectivity of the rubber particles via chemical bridging of grafted PE chains. Dynamic preparation conditions caused the connected structure to break-up, which led to a significant enhancement of the mechanical properties and the melt processability. The addition of 25-80 wt% extender oil resulted in a reduced complex viscosity and yield stress in the melt, without deteriorating the mechanical properties. The relatively good elastic recovery and excellent final properties of these high hardness TPVs can be explained in terms of the submicrometer rubber dispersions. 

An industrial oil-extended synthetic cis-polyisoprene was investigated by von Meerwall and Ferguson30). Following Boss, et al. 29), they substracted the unattenu-atable spin echo arising from the rubber, obtaining the diffusivity of the extender oil from the remainder. They demonstrated that no departures from Fickian diffusion occur, and measured the diffusion of the oil, both in the rubber and in the pure liquid, between —10 °C and 130 °C. Since the plot of log D vs. 1/T was not a straight line it was necessary to invoke the Williams-Landel-Ferry temperature dependence,... 

ASTM D-2007. Standard Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromatographic Method. 

PENTANE Asphaltenes (C5). No established method is available for the preparation of pentane asphaltenes. ASTM D-2006 was discontinued in 1976. Another ASTM method (for rubber extender and processing oils) (23) uses a 10-g sample and only 100 mL of pentane, which is insufficient for a correct dispersion of the sample into the solvent. A very precise method for these asphaltenes from coal-derived liquids has been described (24), but some might object to the use of benzene because of the solubilizing properties of this solvent towards asphaltenes. 

Rubbers are plasticized with petroleum oils, before vulcanization, to improve processability and adhesion of rubber layers to each other and to reduce the cost and increase the softness of the final product. Large quantities of these oil-extended rubbers are used in tire compounds and related products. The oil content is frequently about 50 wt% of the styrene-butadiene rubber. The chemical composition of the extender oil is important. Saturated hydrocarbons have limited compatibility with most rubbers and may sweat-out. Aromatic oils are more compatible and unsaturated straight chain and cyclic compounds are intermediate in solvent power. 

Use Rubber processing and extending oils, plasticizer extenders for polyvinyl chloride, resin solvents, tackifier for nitrile-butadiene rubber. 

Use Rubber processing and extending oils, miscellaneous process oil uses. 

Naftolen . [ChemetaO GmbH] nasti-cizers and extender oils frn natural and synthetic rubbers. 

PA-57, PA-80. [Akrochem] Lightly cross inlced natural rubber with oil extender processing aid for extrusions, calendering, and tqien steam curing. 

Pyrolysis of scrap tires gives as major products, gas, oil, and residue. The gas is the result of thermal cracking and dehydrogenation. The oil derives from extender oils used in the compounding of the vulcanizates as well as from the depolymerization fragments from the rubber. The residue represents recovered carbon black as well as any inorganic material used in the fabrication of the original rubber. 

Figure 2.75 shows the constructions of a standard bias (diagonal) ply tire and a radial ply tire. The major components of a tire are bead, carcass, sidewall, and tread. In terms of material composition, a tire on an average contains nearly 50% of its weight in actual rubber for oil extended rubbers (typically containing 25 parts of aromatic or cycloparafiBnic oils to 75 parts of rubber), it is less. The remainder included carbon black, textile cord, and other compounding ingredients plus the beads. 

Manufacture of rubber products requires the incorporation of fillers such as carbon black, silica, and clay, pigments, sulfur, accelerators, retarders, resins, antioxidants, antiozonants, extending oils, zinc oxide, and a variety of other elastomers. The complexity and the variety of compounding ingredients normally present in articles containing natural rubber necessitate the use of a multitude of analytical techniques depending on the information required. 

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