Routes of exposure ingestion

Normal Routes of Exposure Ingestion Mucous membranes Mating. 

Normal routes of exposure Ingestion Abraded Skin. 

Normal Routes of Exposure Ingestion (unpasteurized milk) Vectors (ticks—Ixodes species). 

Normal routes of exposure Ingestion Abraded skin Mucous membranes Vectors (mosquitoes biting flies). 

Normal Routes of Exposure Ingestion Abraded skin Vectors (ticks—Ixodes ricinus, Dermacentor marginatus). 

Normal routes of exposure Ingestion (in cats) Vectors (mosquitoes—Culex species, Aedes species, Anopheles species). 

Silver nitrate is toxic by all routes of exposure. Ingestion can cause severe gastroenteritis. Also, it is a severe irritant to eyes and skin. 

Toxic hazards may be caused by chemical means, radiation, and noise. Routes of exposure are (1) eye contact, (2) inhalation, (3) ingestion, (4) skin contact, and (5) ears (noise). An Industrial Hygiene Guide (IHG) is based on exposures for an 8-h day, 40-h week, and is not to be used as a guide in the control of health hazards. It is not to be used as a fine hne between safe and dangerous conditions. 

Figure 3-5 graphically depicts the information that currently exists on the health effects of methyl parathion in humans and animals by various routes of exposure. The available literature reviewed concerning the health effects of methyl parathion in humans described case reports of longer-term studies of pesticide workers and case reports of accidental or intentional ingestion of methyl parathion. The occupational exposure is believed to be via the dermal and inhalation routes. The information on human exposure is limited in that the possibility of concurrent exposure to other pesticides or other toxic substances cannot be quantified. 

Overview. Humans living in areas surrounding hazardous waste sites may be exposed to endosulfan primarily via dermal contact with or ingestion of contaminated soils since this compound is found bound to soil particles. Although endosulfan can be found in water as colloidal suspensions adsorbed to particles, ingestion of contaminated finished drinking water is not expected to be a major route of exposure since endosulfan is not very water soluble. Likewise, inhalation exposure to endosulfan via volatilization from contaminated media is not a major route of exposure since endosulfan is not very... 

The most important routes of exposure to endosulfan for the general population are ingestion of food and the use of tobacco products with endosulfan residues remaining after treatment. Farmers, pesticide applicators, and individuals living in the vicinity of hazardous waste disposal sites contaminated with endosulfan may receive additional exposure through dermal contact and inhalation. 

Again when the measures in Table 5.22 do not prevent, or provide adequate control of exposure there is a requirement to provide suitable personal protective equipment to accomplish it. This includes respiratory protection, protective clothing generally, footwear and eye protection which, in the UK, complies with the Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 1992. All routes of exposure, e.g. inhalation, ingestion, absorption through the skin or contact with the skin, must be considered. 

Klienfeld and Tabershaw 1954 Prout et al. 1985 Stephens 1945 Stevens et al. 1992 Templin et al. 1993 Withey et al. 1983), or dermal (Bogen et al. 1992 Jakobson et al. 1982 McCormick and Abdul-Rahman 1991 Sato and Nakajima 1978 Steward and Dodd 1964 Tsuruta 1978) exposure. All these routes of exposure may be of concern to humans because of the potential for trichloroethylene to contaminate the air, drinking water, food, and soil. More information on the absorption of trichloroethylene following ingestion of contaminated soil and plants grown in contaminated soil near hazardous waste sites are needed to determine bioavailability of the compound in these media. 

The model is designed to simulate inhalation exposures to americium however, it could be applied to ingestion exposures since the model simulates the absorption of americium from the gastrointestinal tract. The model cannot be applied to other routes of exposure without modification. 

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