Route guidance

Reqtrire all devices known to be highly distracting - for example manual destination entry for route guidance systerrrs - to be autorrtatically disabled when a vehicle is in motion or travelling above a certain speed... 

Srinivasan, R. and Jovanis, P.P. (1997), Effect of In-Vehicle Route Guidance Systems on Driver Workload and Choice of Vehicle Speed Findings from a Driving Simulator Experiment, in Ergonomics and Safety of Intelligent Driver Interfaces edited by Noy, Y. L, New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 

Tijerina, L., Parmer, E. and Goodman, M.J. (1998), Driver Workload Assessment of Route Guidance System Destination Entiy while Driving A Test Track Study, Proceedings of the 5th ITS World Congress, Seoul, Korea. 

Barham, P., Alexander, A., and Oxley, P. 1994. What are the benefits and safety implications of route guidance systems for elderly drivers. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Road Traffic Monitoring and Control, London. 

With a complete ban, route guidance (e.g., GPS) and safety technologies (e.g., rear-end collision apps) embedded in cell phones may have no platform on which to operate (technology). 

Storage mechanism. Perceived information enters STM and may or may not be transferred to LTM. The transfer typically happens through rehearsal or repetition (such as recitation of a poem or a phone number, or route guidance directions), or by linking to other information by association,... 

SAE (2000). SAE Recommended Practice navigation and route guidance function accessibility while driving (SAE 2364) January 20. 

Tijerina, L., S. Johnston, E. Parmer, M. D. Winterbottom and M. Goodman (2000). Driver distraction with wireless telecommunications and route guidance systems. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Report No. DOT HS 809-069. U.S. Department... 

Tijerina, L., E. Parmer and M. J. Goodman (1998). Driver workload assessment route guidance system destination entry while driving a test track study. Proceedings of the 5th ITS... 

When topological strategies are used concurrently with other types of strategic guidance several benefits may result including (1) reduction of the time required to find excellent solutions (2) discovery of especially short or convergent synthetic routes (3) effective control of stereochemistry (4) orientational (regiochemical) selectivity (5) minimization of reactivity problems and (6) facilitation of crucial chemical steps. 

Current guidelines for toxicity evaluation of ophthalmic formulations involve both single and multiple applications, dependent on the proposed clinical use [39]. The multiple applications may extend over a 9-month period and incorporate evaluations of ocular irritation and toxicity, systemic toxicity, and determinations of systemic exposure (toxicokinetics). In many cases the systemic exposure from an ocular route is less than by parenteral administration, information that will assist in determining whether additional studies may be needed to establish systemic safety of the ophthalmic preparation. U.S. and international guidance documents are available [71,72], and regulations and tests have been summarized for ophthalmic preparations [39,73,74],... 

FIGURE 31.3 Typicalradon entry routes in basement foundations. (Adapted from U.S.EPA,Radon-Resistant Construction Techniques for New Residential Construction—Technical Guidance, EPA/625/2-91/032, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, February 1991.)... 

No acute, intermediate, or chronic MRLs have been derived for any route of exposure because of the lack of a clear threshold for the most sensitive effects in humans. However, ATSDR has developed a framework to provide health guidance at lead sites (see appendix D). 

Volume Limitations by Route. In the strictest sense, absolute limitations on how much of a dosage form may be administered by any particular route are determined by specific aspects of the test species or dosage form. But there are some general guidelines (determined by issues of humane treatment of animals, accurate deliver of dose and such) that can be put forth. These are summarized in Table 13.5. Section 13.8 and Section 13.4, Formulation of Test Materials, should, of course, be checked to see if there is specific guidance due to the characteristics of a particular vehicle. 

Doses selected for safety pharmacology studies are typically based on the criteria established in the ICH S7A guidance.25 Doses should exceed those projected for clinical efficacy and at the upper limit be bound by (1) adverse pharmacodynamic effects in the safety pharmacology study (2) moderately adverse effects in other non-clinical studies that follow a similar route and duration of dosing or (3) limit of solubility/toxicity. In the absence of adverse effects, the maximum administrable dose can be used. If nonreusable animals enter the study, then the maximum tolerated dose may be appropriate. Most importantly, the doses/concentrations should establish the dose/concentration-response relationship of the adverse effect. 

A Guidance Document on Acute Inhalation Toxicity Testing is being developed and presently exists as a draft (OECD 2004b). The document recommends the Acute Toxic Class (ATC) Method with a group size of three animals per sex, if the objective of the test is solely related to hazard classification. Limits for particle-size distribution of aerosolized test substances are suggested. The preferred mode of exposure is the nose-only, head-only, or head/nose-only exposure technique, because this mode of exposure minimizes exposure or uptake by noninhalation routes. 

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