Rodenticides strychnine

Strychnine (1), an alkaloid, was introduced into European medical practice in the early sixteenth century after being used as a rat poison (see Alkaloids). As of 1996, it was stiU used as a rodenticide. The total synthesis of this complex molecule is known (3,4). 

Zineb Rodenticides Sodium Fluoroacetate Strychnine Thallium Sulphate Warfarin 5200 0.05 SK 0.15 0.1 as Tl, SK 0.1... 

During World War II (1939 to 1945), as a result of acute domestic shortages of common rodenticides, such as thallium, strychnine, and red squill, a testing program was initiated for... 

As reviewed by Ujvary some of the earliest natural product-based pesticides were those for the elimination of vertebrate pests. For example, strychnine (Fig. 19), obtained from seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica, is a rodenticide that is an antagonist to the neurotransmitter glycine and is used against a few mammal species, as well as pest birds and fish. The first generation of anticoagulant rodenticides were based on dicoumarin. 

One of the most known toxic alkaloid is strychnine. Vanderkop" and Sterner et aU are examples of those who have studied its toxicity, although it is practically rather evident. This alkaloid has been used as a strong rodenticide. It is also known for being dangerous to humans. One general characteristic of strychnine is its chemical stability. This is some kind of exception in the alkaloids, which are generally flexible heterogeneous compounds. In cases of... 

Since these compounds are mostly used as weapons or poisons, the bitter taste is generally not a problem in their use so, with few exceptions, it has seldom been studied systematically. One exception is strychnine, which is used as a potent rodenticide and for which the bitter taste is a limitation since it prevents ingestion by the animals. Some studies on the bitter taste of this alkaloid have been done with the aim of masking the taste of strychnine [48]. The threshold for the detection of strychnine in distilled water is 5.4 p,g, in tap water 6.5 p,g. Various substances were added to diluted solutions of strychnine to ascertain whether the bitter taste could be masked. It was masked to some extent by certain salts, sucrose, and extracts of yerba Santa. It was also noticed that the cation was the significant factor in the masking... 

Among the wide variety of unsaturated functionalities which participate in the cobalt-mediated [2+2+2] cycloaddition that has proved to be a powerful tool for the assembly of complex polycyclic molecules are a number of aromatic heterocyclic double bonds, such as those in pyrrole and indole <20000L2479, 2001JA9324 and references therein>. Indoles, including those substituted at C-3, can be cyclized, both intra- and intermolecularly, with a wide variety of alkynes to yield functionalized products in moderate to good yields. A stereoselective cobalt-mediated [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction between the W(pent-2-en-4-ynoyl)indole moiety of tryptamine derivative 1093 (R = (CH2)2NHAc) and acetylene has been employed for the formal total synthesis of strychnine 1097, the most famous Strychnos alkaloid and a commonly used rodenticide and animal stimulant (Scheme 213). 

Rodenticides include coumarins, zinc phosphide, and strychnine. 

Rodenticides include warfarin and thallium (see Table 9.1) for strychnine, which causes convulsions, give diazepam. 

Strychnine has been used as a rodenticide and pesticide for decades. It is believed that strychnine may undergo direct photolysis in the atmosphere, on soil surfaces, and in surface water. 

Of special interest are secondary intoxications due to free-ranging birds consuming carrions of animals that died of rodenticide poisoning. Strychnine and sodium monofluoroacetate are other rodent control compounds that are involved because they cause acute death in the primary victims and are thus present in high concentrations in carrions. 

Prevention of further absorption. Although free strychnine is absorbed rapidly from the gut, it is often taken in a form (e.g. rodenticide pellets) which retards absorption. By the time that the symptoms have started to appear, often only a relatively small portion of the total dose has been absorbed. The destruction or removal of the strychnine in the gut prevents further absorption and shortens the period of exposure for the patient. 

Strychnine (99, 100) has been used as a rodenticide in Europe since the 16th century. For almost as long it has found widespread use in medicine owing to its reputation, probably mistaken, as a tonic. As mentioned earlier, its ready availability and extreme toxicity led to its becoming one of the most common causes of suicidal and accidental poisoning, the latter being particularly common in children. In spite of its intensely bitter taste it has been used as a homicidal agent on numerous occasions. 

The final three indole-containing drugs approved for animals in the U.S. are indole alkaloids. Metoserpate 6 is a water-soluble reserpine alkaloid given to reduce stress and prevent hysteria in poultry. Yohimbine 7 is a central alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist. It is used in dogs to reverse the anesthesia produced by the commonly used anesthetic Xylazine. Strychnine 8 is a rodenticide (Scheme 10). There is no current approved human medical use for metoserpate although yohimbine is prescribed for erectile dysfunction. Strychnine, once used in small doses as a laxative... 

Strychnine is an alkaloid derived from the seeds of a tree, Strychnos nux-vomica. At one time strychnine was an ingredient in a variety of over-the-counter tonics and laxatives. Today strychnine is no longer used in any pharmaceuticals. Instead it is used primarily as a rodenticide and is sometimes found as an adulterant in illicit drugs such as cocaine or heroin. 

The most popular chronic poisons or rodenticides are coumarin (warfarin, fumarin, and racumin), fluoroacetamide, and strychnine or arsenic trioxide usually placed as an adequate amount of bait. The selection of the proper bait is key to mask off-odors and off-flavors associated with most poisons. The most popular baits are maize flour mixed with rolled oats, and oil and sugar or syrup. The food attractant can be offered as a solid pellet, or even in a liquid base. The last option is effective... 

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