Roche, Daniel

Roche, Daniel. Le siecle des lumieres en province Academies et academiciens... 

Roche, Daniel. Talent, Reason, and Sacrifice The Physician during the Enlightenment. In Medicine and Society in France, ed. R. Forster and O. Ranum (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980). 

Roche, Daniel. Les Republicains des lettres Gens de culture et lumieres au... 

World production ia the late 1990s of both natural and synthetic forms of vitamin E is estimated at 22,000 metric tons and growth is expected to keep pace with increasing need. The 1993 U.S. production was 14,096 metric tons (47) with an additional 1080 metric tons from imports. The principal U.S. producers of the natural form are Eastman Chemical Company, Archer Daniels Midland Company, and Henkel, and of synthetic vitamin E, Hoffmaim-La Roche and BASE. International producers include Hoffmaim-La Roche, BASE, Eisai, and Rhc ne-Poulenc. 

Krebs MRH, Morozova-Roche LA, Daniel K, Robinson CV, Dobson CM (2004) Protein Sci 13 1933... 

Vitamins made by biocatalysis include cyanocobalamin (Rh6ne-Poulenc and Merck Co), vitamin A (Hoffinann-La Roche Orsat 1999), ascorbic acid firom sorbitol via, directly, ketogulonic acid (BASF), riboflavin (Hoffinann-La-Roche, BASF, and Rhone-Poulenc/Archer-Daniels), and niacinamide fi om synthetic materials (Lonza). The list includes a vitamin-like nutrient, L-camitine... 

The author wishes to thank the following colleagues who have contributed to the content of this chapter Rich Sukovaty, Patrick Lin, and George Scott (current and former colleagues at MDS Pharma Services) David Wells (NPS Pharmaceuticals) Surendra Bansal, Stan Kolis and David Chang (Hoffmann-La Roche). She also thanks Daniel Figeys (University of Ottawa) for critical review of the manuscript... 

The nine compound-clusters described thus far, comprising more than a hundred botanicals and synthetics, are the main psychedelics known to date. Other plants—at least 120 from the New World and twenty from the Old World—have suspected or confirmed psychoactivity (Schultes and Hofmann inventory ninety-one, each representing a separate genus, in their 1979 Plants of the Gods), and substances isolated from these plants have prompted chemists to synthesize and test new compounds. This chemical work has been outlined in Psychotropic Substances and Related Compounds, edited by the late Daniel Efron, who was affiliated with Sandoz, Ciba, Hof-mann-La Roche and NIMH. In the first edition (1968), Efron showed 590 molecules and referenced their literature. In 1972, Efron enlarged this book to cover 1,555 compounds (including barbiturates and tranquilizers). 

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an essential nutritional factor for humans (0.3-1.8 mg d-1) and animals (1-4 mg (kg diet)-1), who need it as a precursor for fla-voproteins [135]. It is produced at a volume of approx. 3 kt a-1, mainly as an animal feed additive. Approx. 300 t a-1 is used as a food additive and food colorant (E-101) and the remainder (500 t a-1) is used in pharmaceutical applications. Major producers are Roche (Switzerland), BASF (Germany), Archer-Daniels-Midland (USA) and Takeda (Japan). Microbial and chemical production have coexisted for many years but the latter has recently been phased out [136]. 

On the rather exclusive social makeup of provincial academies and Freemasonry, which would have been more conducive to philosophical chemitsry, see Daniel Roche, Le siecle des lumihres en province (Mouton, 1978). 

In addition to the few medical faculties, there were a number of Colleges de mede-cine created by the medical Guild - in Lille, Lyons, Nancy, and Rouen - all places where chemistry courses were offered.15 However, the historical connection among chemistry, pharmacy, and medicine should not hide chemistry s integration in the broader context of provincial cultural life. The local academies, whose number and influence on the French Enlightenment have been emphasized by Daniel Roche, prompted the culture of chemistry.16 For instance, in Metz the Societe d etude des sciences et des arts founded in 1757 supported a private course of chemistry and hosted the public demonstration in its own auditorium when it became the Societe royale des sciences et des arts in 1760. Even when the chemical demonstrations were not initiated by the local academy, a large proportion of the chemistry courses aforementioned took place in towns with local academies Lyons had an academy founded in 1700, Arras in 1737, Amiens, the capital of Picardie north of Paris, had... 

Daniel Roche, Le siecle des Lumieres en province Academies et academiciens provinciaux (1680-1789), 2 vols. (Paris Editions de TEHESS, 1989), 373. Roche noticed an increasing number of chemical subjects in provincial academies in the decade 1760-69. 

Reichhn Robin L., 948 Reimers Jeffrey R., 362 Reines Frederick, 593 Reinhoudt David N., 978 Rejewski Marian, 1003 Ridard Jacqueline, 469 Riemann Georg Friedrich Bernhard, 560 RipoU Daniel R., 819 Ritz Walther, 232, 239 Robb Michael A., 313, 334 Roch Jean-Fran9ois, 47 Rodnikova Margarita, 89, 867... 

Natural vitamin E is produced at a level of about 2000 tonnes/year from soybean deodorizer distillate. This is methylated to increase the proportion of a-tocopherol and is used mainly in human applications (largely pharmaceutical). It could be considered to be semi-synthetic a-tocopherol. The major producers are Henkel (USA), Archer Daniels Midland (USA), Eisai (Japan), andHoffmann-La Roche/Cargill (USA). 

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