Roberts, William

A second point on which the authors in this anthology agree is that reductionism, as successful as it has been on a host of counts, is seriously inadequate. It must be supplemented with more holistic science. To understand nature in all its vicissitudes, methods from the most reductionist to the least reductionist must be used. Hence, anti-reductionists are forced, like it or not, to advocate pluralism. For example, Robert Williams concludes that We must not despise reductionism. However, it has to be put in a proper perspective . Too often reductionism and anti-reductionism are presented as if they are in diametric opposition when all that separates them is degree of emphasis. As Alfred Tauber observes, reductionism and holism cannot be defined in isolation from each other. An unsteady balance exists between the two. Holism and reductionism are inexorably coupled and cannot be defined independent of each other . As a result, like so many other contributors to this volume, he embraces a pluralistic approach . 

Robert Williams Yes, but where does the line intersect the axes Where is the intercept, because if you plot intercepts, do you get any result at all about mortality It would be very strange if you didn t. 

Robert Williams In the course of reductionism, what you try to do and it s perfectly fair to use the gradient in this sense, is you try to study a phenomenon and relate it to some property. Now, how far you can go with that depends on the level you re trying to reach. In this case, it s perfectly fair to say that a certain observation is a function of an observable gradient. In the same way it s perfectly fair to say in thermodynamics, although we don t understand the nature of liquids really, we understand it has something to do with the co-operative nature of the whole system. And I cannot relate it to the property of a single molecule. And this is the trouble - this is where you get the co-operative impact on a particular measurable. That is then, if it s the co-operatively that does it. In fact, it s not strictly reducible all the way to individual units, but you may reduce it to a certain level. And in... 

Robert Williams You have to show the corpus of psychology, that such a thing exists ... 

Buchanan, Robert William. The Complete Works of Robert Buchanan. 

Robert Williams, Eric Larson, Ryan Katofsky, and Jeff Chen, Methanol and Hydrogen from Biomass for Transportation, with Comparisons to Methanol and Hydrogen from Natural Gas and Coal, report 292, Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, 1995. 

Speaight, Robert, William Poel and the Elizabethan Revival (Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1954)... 

US chemist Robert Williams (1886-1965) synthesizes vitamin B, (thamine). 

Anonymous (1935). Roberts, William Milnor. Dictionary of American biography 16 18-19. Scribner s New York. 

Hancock made solid rubber tires for Queen Victoria s carriage in 1846 and was moderately successful in his English rubber business. However, Robert William Thompson had previously invented pneumatic rubber tires in 1845 and these were reinvented by John Boyd Dunlop in 1888. 

The pure crystalline vitamin was obtained in Java in 1927 by Barend Jansen and William Donath, who were both students of Eijkman (Jansen and Donath 1927). Robert Williams developed an effective method to isolate vitamin B from rice bran, proposed its structure, and confirmed it by synthesizing the compound (Williams and Cline 1936). The compound, then already given the name vitamin Bi, had a thiazole ring and therefore was named thiamine (Figure 1.1). (As with vitamin , thiamine later lost its e to thiamin , although the spelling thiamine is still frequently used.)... 

In the first stage of the institutionalization of chemistry in Japan, foreign teachers of chemistry like Robert William Atkinson and Edward Divers taught in Japanese higher educational institutions, educated the first generation of Japanese chemists, and showed the possible direction of Japanese chemistry studies by their own studies in Japan. Their students were then sent to Europe or the United States to study further. The institutionalization was completed with the establishment of the Tokyo Chemical Society in 1878 and the foundation of Imperial University in Tokyo in 1886. The discovery of the periodic law between 1869 and 1871 and its dissemination in the 1880s coincided with the institutionalization of chemistry in Japan. This factor helped make the appreciation of the periodic system as a basis for chemistry in Japan easier. Most of the first generation of Japanese chemistry professors accepted the periodic law as one of the recent developments in chemistry in Europe without much doubt. 

Robert William Atkinson was bom in Newcastle in England. After studies at the University College, London, under Alexander Williamson and the Royal School of Mines under Edward Frankland between 1867 and 1872, he became an assistant of Alexander Williamson, professor of chemistry at University College, London. Atkinson came to Japan on September 9th, 1874, and stayed until 1881. After his return, he lived in Cardiff, Wales. See Kikuchi s PhD thesis (note 18), The English Model of Chemical Education in Meiji Japan. ... 

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