RNA-activated protein kinase

The antiviral state induced by different types of IFNs is mediated by various IFN-induced proteins. The best-known antiviral effectors produced as a result of IFN cascade induction are shown in Table 2. They include 2 -5 oligoadenylate synthetase (2 -5 OAS), double-stranded RNA activated protein kinase (PKR), and myxovirus (Mx) proteins. Additional effectors include RNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1 (ADARl), the 20-kDa ISG product (ISG20), ISG54 and ISG56, and IFN-stimulated micro RNAs (Pedersen et al. 2007). 

PKR Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase A serine threonine kinase that phos-phorylates eIF2a on serine residue 51 when activated... 

Alirezaei M, Watry DD, Flynn CF, Kiosses WB, Mashah E, Williams BR, Kaul M, Lipton SA, Fox HS (2007) Human immunodeficiency virus-1/surface glycoprotein 120 induces apoptosis through RNA-activated protein kinase signaling in neurons. J Neurosci 27(41) 11047-11055... 

Besides these pathways, specific kinases like mixed lineage kinase and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) have been implicated in gpl20-mediated neuronal death (Bodner et al. 2002 Alirezaei et al. 2007). 

Zhou, H. R., Lau A.S., and Pestka J.J. Role of double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) in deoxynivalenol-induced ribotoxic stress response. Toxicol. Sci. 74, 335, 2003. 

McAllister CS, Samuel CE (2009) The RNA-activated protein kinase enhances the induction of interferon-beta and apoptosis mediated by cytoplasmic RNA sensors. J Biol Chem 284 1644-1651... 

Lee JH, Park EJ, Kim OS, Kim HY, Joe E-H, Jou I (2005) Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase is required for the LPS-induced activation of STATl inflammatory signaling in rat brain glial cells. GLIA 50 66-76... 

Wang, X., et al., 2007b. Activation of double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase by mild impairment of oxidative metabolism in neurons. J Neurochem. 103, 2380-2390. 

Meurs EF, Galabru J, Barber GN, Zatze MG, Hovanessian AG (1992) Tumor suppressor function of the interferon-induced double stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 ... 

He B, Gross M, Roizman B (1997) The gamma(l)34.5 protein of herpes simplex virus 1 complexes with protein phosphatase 1 alpha to dephosphorylate the alpha subunit of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 and preclude the shutoff of protein synthesis by double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 843-848 Hollander MC, Zhan Q, Bae I, Fornace AJ, Jr (1997) Mammalian GADD34, an apoptosis- and DNA damage-inducible gene. J Biol Chem 272 13731-13737 Isaacs A, Lindenmann J (1957) Virus interference. I. The interferon. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 147 258-267... 

Meurs E, Chong K, Galabru J, Thomas NS, Kerr IM, Williams BR, Hovanessian AG (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of the human double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase induced by interferon. Cell 62 379-390... 

Clarke PA, Schwemmle M, Schickinger J et al. Binding of Epstein-Barr virus small RNA EBER-1 to the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase DAL Nucleic Acids Res 1991 19(2) 243-248. 

Okada, T., Yoshida, H., Akazawa, R., Negishi, M., and Mori, K. 2002. ATF6) and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) in transcription during the mammalian unfolded protein response. Biochemical. .., 366(Pt 2), 585-594. doi 10.1042/BJ20020391. 

Sen, G. C., Taira, H., and Lengyel, P., 1978, Interferon, double-stranded RNA and protein phosphorylation. Characteristics of a double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase system partially purified from interferon-treated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, J. Biol. Chem. 253 5915. 

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