Glial cells brain

Evans, P.H., Peterhans, E., Biirge T. and Klinowski, J. (1992b). Aluminosilicate-induced free radical generation by murine brain glial cells in vitro potential significance in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer s dementia. Dementia 3, 1-6. 

Lee JH, Park EJ, Kim OS, Kim HY, Joe E-H, Jou I (2005) Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase is required for the LPS-induced activation of STATl inflammatory signaling in rat brain glial cells. GLIA 50 66-76... 

Miyake T, Kitamura T (1992) Glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity in two types of mouse brain glial cells. Brain Res 586 53-60. 

The heart, with its huge mitochondrial content and oxidative capacity, is able to use lactate released from other tissues as a fuel. During an exercise such as bicycle riding, lactate released into the blood from skeletal muscles in the leg might be used by resting skeletal muscles in the arm. In the brain, glial cells and astrocytes produce lactate, which is used by neurons or released into the blood. 

Naturally, liposomes as such are not unique in this context. Instead, the same approach can be used for other PEO-modified colloidal drug carriers, e.g. copolymer micelles. For example, Kabanov et al. have demonstrated specific targeting of fluorescein isothiocyanate solubilized in PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymer micelles conjugated with antibodies to the antigen of brain glial cells (a2-glycoprotein) (83, 84). Furthermore, incorporation of haloperidol into such micelles was found to result in a drastically improved therapeutic effect in mice, as inferred from horizontal mobility and grooming frequency studies. 

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) forms a physiological barrier between the central nervous system and the blood circulation. It consists of glial cells and a special species of endothelial cells, which form tight junctions between each other thereby inhibiting paracellular transport. In addition, the endothelial cells of the BBB express a variety of ABC-transporters to protect the brain tissue against toxic metabolites and xenobiotics. The BBB is permeable to water, glucose, sodium chloride and non-ionised lipid-soluble molecules but large molecules such as peptides as well as many polar substances do not readily permeate the battier. 

Glial cells are cells within the central or peripheral nervous system which are not immediately involved in information processing. Glial cells play an mportant role in the metabolic homeostasis of brain tissue and in nervous system development. 

An emerging area of interest for the physiological action of the brain of chanokine is the intercellular communication system between neuronal and ghal cells. Indeed, recent in vitro and in situ studies indicated that the chemokines together with then-receptors are constitutively expressed by glial cells and neurons in mature brain (Asensio and Campbell 1999 Cho and Miller 2002 Tran and Miller 2003 Rostene... 

The neurointerventionalist should limit the number of microcatheter injections performed during the exam, as there is growing evidence that this may increase the chances of hemorrhagic transformation of the infarcted tissue. Direct injection of contrast into stagnant vessels, which contains injured glial cells and thus breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, allows for contrast extravasation. Contrast is readily visualized on the immediate post-thrombolysis CT as an area of high attenuation in the parenchyma. In some instances, MRI with susceptibility-weighted sequences may be useful to differentiate contrast extravasation from Such a distinction... 

These approaches to receptor identification and classification were, of course, pioneered by studies with peripheral systems and isolated tissues. They are more difficult to apply to the CNS, especially in in vivo experiments, where responses depend on a complex set of interacting systems and the actual drug concentration at the receptors of interest is rarely known. However, the development of in vitro preparations (acute brain slices, organotypic brain slice cultures, tissue-cultured neurons and acutely dissociated neuronal and glial cell preparations) has allowed more quantitative pharmacological techniques to be applied to the action of drugs at neurotransmitter receptors while the development of new recording methods such as patch-clamp... 

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