RM values

Current RMS value of the AE signal on each of the 12 active channels ... 

Different plant operating conditions (steady load, load variations, startups / shutdowns) have been encountered during the monitoring period. Electrical load, steam pressure and steam temperature values vs time have been acquired and stored during the entire period. At the same time, the RMS values of the acoustical background noise were have been continuously checked and stored, thus providing a quick check of proper instrumentation condition and a correlation between variations of plant parameters and the acoustical behaviour of the components. 

Figure 5 provides an example of AE monitoring data from 22.01.1997 to 03,03.1997, in terms of time history of the main plant parameters (fig.Sa), as well as of the AE RMS values (fig. 5b). Normally, very little or no events were recorded, with the exception of the above period, in which an AE activity, very much concentrated in time and space, could be observed a sharp step in cumulative AE events takes place in a short, well defined time interval. A smaller sharp step in EA events had been observed a few days earlier, in the same position. 

The same general comments hold as for Unit 3. Figure 7 provides an example of the AE monitoring data collected from 19.06.97 to 16.07.97, in terms of the main plant parameters vs time (fig. 7a), as well as of the AE RMS values (fig. 7b). 

Fig.7 600 MW ENEL power plant, unit 3. Monitoring period from 22-01-1997 to 03-03-1997. Fig.7a Main plant parameters and cumulative AE events vs time Fig.7b AE RMS values vs time...

The single average value that is reported for this quantity in the Molecular nyriamies averages dialog box is the limit reached by the plotted values at i=N, i.e. the RMS value of x ... 

Table 13.5 RMS values of fault currents under different conditions of fault in a power system...

The major concern of both output and input filter capacitors is the ripple current entering the capacitor. In this application, the ripple current is identical to the inductor ac current. The maximum limits of the inductor current is 2.8 A for I peak and about one-half the maximum output current or 1.0 A. So the ripple current is 1.8 A p-p or an estimated RMS value of 0.6 A (about one-third of the p-p value). 

This capacitor experiences the same current waveform at the power switch, which is a trapezoid with an initial current of about 1A rising to 2.8 A with very sharp edges. This capacitor has much more rigorous operating conditions than the output filter capacitor. I will estimate the RMS value of the trapezoidal current waveform as a piecewise superposition of two waveforms, a rectangular 1A peak waveform and a triangular waveform with a 1.8 A peak. This yields an estimated RMS value of 1.1 A. The value of the capacitor is then calculated as ... 

Note that a.c. voltages (also a.c. currents) are usually measured and quoted as r.m.s. The r.m.s. value is 70.7 percent of the peak value. This is done so that the formula to calculate electrical power m the a.c. case is the same as for the d.c. case stated earlier power is the voltage times the current (provided both are rms values). 

The power dissipated in an AC circuit with current of maximum amplitude flowing through a resistance is less than the power produced by a constant DC current of magnitude flow ing through the same resistance. For a sinusoidal AC current, the root mean square (rms) value of current I is the magnitude of the DC current producing the same power as the AC current with maximum amplitude I. The rms value I is given by... 

The direction of rotation depends on the direction of the current in the coil, and thus the instrument is only suitable for D.C. It is, however, possible to incorporate a full-wave rectifier arranged as shown in Figure 17.11 in order to allow the instrument to measure A.C. quantities. The quantity measured is the RMS value only if the waveform of the current is truly sinusoidal. In other cases, a considerable error may result. In principle, the scale is linear but, if required, it can be made non-linear by suitably shaping the poles of the permanent magnet. The instrument reading is affected by the performance of the rectifier, which is a non-linear device, and this results in the scale also being non-linear. The error when measuring D.C. quantities can be as low as 0.1 per cent of full-scale deflection and instruments are available for currents between microamperes and up to 600 A. 

The square law relationship also implies that the instrument measures RMS values. It can be used on either A.C. (up to the lower audio range if special compensating circuits are employed) or D.C. The instrument reading can be... 

The instrument measures the hue rms values and units are available to cover the frequency range from D.C. to 100 MHz. The major drawback is the susceptibility to damage by overloads (even those of short duration) unless appropriate protection is provided. The accuracy can also be affected by ambient temperature changes. 

More sophisticated instruments use special circuitry to obtain the rms values of non-sinusoidal signals. The current converter usually consists of low-value resistors in the input, and one of these is chosen as a shunt resistor... 

The y" values in these expressions were optimized by computer, an operation which is readly done for any given set of experimental data by substituting the expressions in Eq. (22) and using for an optimization criterion the requirement that the rms value of (e — c)/(t>e should be as small as possible. 

The average value of the asymmetrical fluctuation is defined as the root mean square (rms) value. Using the Rayleigh theorem,94 the average value of the surface concentration fluctuation, for example, can be written as... 

Thus the quadratic sum of all the Zemike coefficients gives the rms value of the entire wave-front error by ... 

We regard these results as generally supportive of the expectation that the nonconjugative positions are best fitted by the scale, while the conjugative positions are best fitted by the Oii(BA) scale. The few apparent ambiguities which seem to blur this distinction involve sets of relatively low X and RMS values. 

The fit was based on minimizing the root-mean-square (rms) value of the difference between the fit values and the originally calculated potential values. The REST potential differs in three ways , (i)... 

Often, one needs to compare different 3D structures or conformations of a molecule. That is done internally by the 3D stmcture generation program to weed out too similar conformations of fragments. Another aspect is the need of the computational chemist to compare different generated or experimental structures. A well-established measure is the so-called root mean square (RMS) value of all atom-atom distances between two 3D structures. The RMS value needed here is a minimum value achieved by superimposing the two 3D structures optimally. Before calculating the RMS, the sum of interatomic distances is minimized by optimizing the superimposition in 3D. 

The RMS value is only a rough measure for the similarity of two conformations. It is summarized over all atoms under consideration. That means that a local drastic deviation between two conformations can be hidden in an overall good fit. Reversely, a deviation in one part of the molecule can hide a perfect fit of another part. However, the RMS is very useful for obtaining a quick, robust measure of conformational similarity. A few recommendations can help to a better understanding ... 

Exclude hydrogen atoms since their position is in many cases fixed by the heavy atoms they are attached to. This reduces the amount of noise in the RMS value significantly. 

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