Risks mortality levels

Exposure to sulfur dioxide in the ambient air has been associated with reduced lung function, increased incidence of respiratory symptoms and diseases, irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and premature mortality. Children, the elderly, and those already suffering from respiratory ailments, such as asthmatics, are especially at risk. Health impacts appear to be linked especially to brief exposures to ambient concentrations above 1,000 ixg/in (acute exposures measured over 10 minutes). Some epidemiologic studies, however, have shown an association between relatively low annual mean levels and excess mortality. It is not clear whether long-... 

Patients with acromegaly experience a two- to three-fold increase in mortality rate.8 Normalization of GH and IGF-I levels reverses the mortality risk and alleviates significant comorbid complications, especially cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic abnormalities. Reduction of IGF-I levels alone does... 

Hyperlipidemia is seen in up to 60% of heart, lung, and renal transplant patients and greater than 30% of liver transplant patients.64 66 As a result of elevated cholesterol levels, transplant recipients are not only at an increased risk of atherosclerotic events, but emerging evidence also shows an association between hyperlipidemia and allograft vasculopathy.66 Hyperlipidemia, along with other types of cardiovascular disease, is now one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality in long-term transplant survivors.67... 

Michaels D, Zoloth SR, Stem FB. 1991. Does low-level lead exposure increase risk of death A mortality study of newspaper printers. Int J Epidemiol 20 978-983. 

Obesity is associated with serious health risks and increased mortality. Central obesity reflects high levels of intraabdominal or visceral fat that is associated with the development of hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. 

Mavalankar, D. V., Trivedi, C. R., Gray, R. H. (1991). Levels and Risk Factors for Perinatal Mortality inAhmedabad, India. WHO, Bulletin. 

As noted above, obesity is a health problem. It is associated with both elevated mortality and morbidity. More specifically, obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke, and for high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes, and hyperlipidemia (elevated levels of lipids in the blood, a risk factor for atherosclerosis and its sequelae), and for cancer. 

The advisability of using certain antibiotics, particularly penicillin and tetracycline, in animal feeds has been questioned because of their use in human medicine. Any use of an antibiotic that is prescribed for humans presents some risks to human health, whether the use is for humans, animals or for other purposes but. the uses also have benefits. Otherwise, they would not persist. Antibiotics are used in animal feeds to increase animal weight, increase efficiency of feed utilization, increase reproductive efficiency and decrease morbidity and mortality. These benefits to animals and animal producers are reflected in decreases in food costs to humans. There are also benefits to human health from use of antibiotics in food animals. By reducing the incidence of animal health problems, use of antibiotics in food animals reduce the transference of animal infections to humans. The contention that the effectiveness of penicillin and tetracycline for use in human medicine is rapidly diminishing as a result of the proliferation of resistant bacteria caused by subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in animal production is not supported by experimental data. Rather, the evidence suggests that a fairly stable level of resistance of the intestinal bacteria in humans has long since been established to penicillin and tetracycline as it has been in animals. 

Table 15.2 Selected mortality risk levels, England and Wales 1984...

A much larger cohort of 8854 men, 2293 of whom were exposed to acrylamide, from 1925 to 1983 was examined for mortality. This cohort consisted of four chemical plant populations. No statistically significant excess of all-cause or cause-specific mortality was found among acrylamide workers. Analysis by acrylamide exposure levels showed no trend of increased risk of mortality from several cancer sites. Although the authors concluded that the results do not support the hypothesis that aery-... 

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