Risk Barriers

Corporate risk barriers, which include those related to liability and time horizons for realizing revenues from commercialization of hydrogen energy... 

Aviation maintenance human reliability and associated aircraft airworthiness have been the focus of many philosophies and research works previously. Reason (2003) discussed the human variability paradox when this variability acts - within complex human-machine systems - both as source of error and a vital system defence. He thus questioned How can we limit one while still promoting the other In the same orientation, Hollnagel (2007) showed that risk and safety are, by definitions, always linked together. He gave the notion Risk - - barriers = Safety calling for higher safety acquirement through risk elimination. 

This understanding is then put in contrast to the Risk/Barrier concepts as indicated by Reason (1996)... 

Hollnagel, E. 2007. Risk+barriers = safety Safety Science. 46 221-229. 

Hevner AR, Chattojee S (2010) Design research in information systems, integrated smes in information systems, vol 22. Springer, Heidelberg Hollnagel E (2008) Risk + barriers = safety Saf Sci 46(2) 221-229... 

The pressure equipment directive was adopted by the European Parliament and the European Council in May 1997. It harmonises the national laws of the 15 Member States of the European Union relating to equipment subject to the pressure risk. That directive is one of the series of technical harmonisation directives such as for machinery, medical devices, simple pressure vessels, gas appliances and so on, which were foreseen by the Communities programme for the elimination of technical barriers to trade. It therefore aims to ensure the free placing on the market and putting into service of the equipment concerned within the European Union and the European Economic Area. At the same time it permits a flexible regulatory environment, allowing European industry to develop new techniques increasing thereby its international competitiveness. 

Safety is thus the result of multiple barriers operating in concert. Whereas each approach individually may have limitations, use in an integrated manner provides overlapping and complementary levels of protection. These approaches may provide an effective method of overcoming risk and represent the only feasible approach in the face of theoretical risks which cannot be adequately characterized by classical technology. 

The male barrier contraceptive device is known as the condom, or mbber, and is widely available in most countries. The condom is a mbber or latex sheath, sometimes packaged with a lubricant and spermicide, which serves as a cover for the penis and a receptacle for semen. The method is very effective if the condom is of good quaUty, remains on, and is replaced for each subsequent intercourse. It was reported that 6 biUion condoms were used in 1990 (101). Usage appears to be increasing as adjunctive use with other methods of contraception for prevention of HIV or other sexually transmitted diseases. By rough estimate, condoms may have been used in more than 13 biUion acts of sexual intercourse that risked unwanted pregnancy, HIV, and/or other sexually transmitted diseases (101). 

Proper applicadon of a flame arrester can help avoid catastrophic fire and explosion losses by providing a flame barrier between at-risk equipment and anticipated ignition sources. 

Unless beams are present at the entry the stubs should be close to the stmctural ceiling. Beam fairing may be used where the void has to be shallow and this can reduce the risk of re-entrainment due to local high-velocity pressure. Zone barriers are fitted within the void where separate rooms are to be fed. The ceiling need not cover the whole room. 

Although iron deficiency is a common problem, about 10% of the population are genetically at risk of iron overload (hemochromatosis), and elemental iron can lead to nonen2ymic generation of free radicals. Absorption of iron is stricdy regulated. Inorganic iron is accumulated in intestinal mucosal cells bound to an intracellular protein, ferritin. Once the ferritin in the cell is saturated with iron, no more can enter. Iron can only leave the mucosal cell if there is transferrin in plasma to bind to. Once transferrin is saturated with iron, any that has accumulated in the mucosal cells will be lost when the cells are shed. As a result of this mucosal barrier, only about 10% of dietary iron is normally absorbed and only 1-5% from many plant foods. 

Communication with the potential volunteers prior to the study is essential. Prior to the initiation of the field phase of the study, a meeting should be held with the potential volunteers to explain the details of the procedures of the study, present the consent form, and inform the potential volunteers of the risks and benefits (including any monetary compensation to the worker) of participating in the study. At this meeting, consent in writing should be obtained from the worker. If there is any language barrier between the researcher and the potential volunteers, an interpreter should be present at the meeting. 

Sexual behavior of the female must be determined to understand the risk for STDs. Women who are not in a monogamous relationship must consider their risk of STDs as a factor in their contraceptive decision. Some barrier methods protect against STDs, but agents such as hormonal contraceptives are not capable of preventing STDs if used alone. 

Since the use of combined oral contraceptives may decrease the use of selected barrier contraceptive methods that do protect against STDs (e.g., latex condoms), one of the most common risks associated with the use of oral contraceptives is the risk of acquiring an STD.8... 

Disruption of host defenses owing to intravenous catheters, indwelling Foley catheters, burns, trauma, surgery, and increased gastric pH (secondary to antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors) may place patients at higher risk for infection. Breaks in and entry into the skin provide a route for infection because the natural barrier of the skin is disrupted. Increased gastric pH can allow for bacterial overgrowth and has been associated with an increased risk of pneumonia.18... 

Commensal or environmental fungi that are typically harmless can become invasive mycoses when the host immune defenses are impaired. Host immune suppression and risk for opportunistic mycoses can be broadly classified into three categories (1) quantitative or qualitative deficits in neutrophil function, (2) deficits in cell-mediated immunity, and (3) disruption of mechanical/and or microbiologic barriers. 

---