Risk and protective factors

Table 21.7 Dietary risk and protective factors for common cancers...

Vakalahi, H. (2001) Adolescent substance use and family-based risk and protective factors a litetMute teyiew. Journal of Drug Education 31, 1, 29—46. 

TABLE 50.2b Risk and Protective Factors for Aggression in Youth Environmental Factors... 

VA, 363 male military veterans were randomly sampled and found to have a current prevalence of 32% for full PTSD and 10% for partial PTSD. Prevalence of PTSD varied as a function of risk and protective factors, including volunteering, physical symptoms during the tests, and prohibited disclosure. Veterans with full PTSD reported poorer physical health, a higher likelihood of several chronic illnesses and health-related disability, greater functional impairment, and higher likelihood of healthcare use than those with no PTSD. Veterans with partial PTSD also had poorer outcomes than did veterans with no PTSD in a subset of these domains. 

Risk and protective factors of atherosclerosis influence VCAM-1 expression [10,19]. A possible relation between VC AM expression and oxidized LDL was established when an important component of this modified lipoprotein, lysophosphatidylcholine, was shown to stimulate VCAM expression and increase adhesion of monocytes on endothelium in cell cultures [10,18,19]. Modified LDL and its constituents augment c)4 okine-activated VCAM-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells [10,20]. In contrast, HDL inhibits cytokine-induced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules [10,21]. -3 Fatty acids have been found to decrease mRNA levels and surface expression of VCAM-1 in endothelial cells [10,22]. Aspirin inhibits induction of mRNA and cell surface expression of VCAM-1 by TNF-a and thereby inhibits monocyte adhesion on stimulated endothelial cells [10,23]. In contrast to ICAM-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin, endothelial VCAM-1 can mediate leukocyte adhesion via its sole interaction with the integrins 4P1 or 4P7 [10]. 

The most widely accepted theoretical conceptualization for substance abuse prevention is called the risk and protective factors theory, conceived by David... 

At the beginning of this chapter, it was noted that there is a lack of evidence that prevention has successfully reduced the harms and consequences of substance abuse. However, the substance abuse prevention field has a research-based theoretical model of risk and protective factors to guide it, a conceptuafization of strategies for program implementation, and research on what types of activities work and don t work. In addition, the federal government has spent a considerable amount of money on prevention. Why isn t this whole effort more successful ... 

J. D. Hawkins, R. F. Catalano, and J. Y. Miller, 1992. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin 112 64—105-... 

Runyan, C. C., Johnson, C., Yang, C. J., Waller, C. A., Perkis, C. D. and Marshall, C. S. (2005) Risk and protective factors for fires bums and carbon monoxide poisoning in US households. American jourrml of preventive medicine 28,102-8. 

Try to understand Ben s story, from the first self-harm thought, to being in ED, to future plans. Collect and weigh risk and protective factors - alongside your gut feeling - to decide whether he s safe for discharge. Tables 1-3 summarise higher and lower risk indicators. 

List risk and protective factors, considering immediate and longer-term risk. Don t assume someone s safe, because of a single factor, e.g. being female. Anyone can kill themselves. 

Farolfi A, Melegari E, Aquflina M, Scarpi E, Ibrahim T, Maltoni R, et al. Trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity in early breast cancer patients a retrospective study of possible risk and protective factors. Heart 2013 99(9) 634-9. 

The Relevance of Risk and Protective Factors to Prevention Services... 

Assumption 3 A prevention program with higher intensity can make a bigger impact in addressing risk and protective factors, but it imposes a larger cost burden. 

For the first program-level problem, we further assume that the administration has a specific preference among the risk and protective factors, and the objective function (Equation 11.1) can be expressed as the following simplest weighted sum (Gass et al. 1955)... 

Some individuals will have a greater capacity to bounce back than others. This capacity is determined by a range of characteristics that make some individuals more resilient and others more vulnerable. The entry Community Recovery Following Earthquake Disasters highlights the fact that many communities, and the individuals within them, bring certain risk and protective factors to potential disaster situations. This combination of risks and resiliencies interacts with hazard and exposure variables to determine the extent to which each person and the communities of which they are part are affected. Within an affected community, different groups and individuals may experience the disaster in a multitude of ways. 

Most theoretical models that form the basis for high-quality preventive interventions are drawn from larger developmental models. Developmental models of disorders specify the pattern of individual and environmental risk and protective factors that interact to cause and maintain problem behaviors. A comprehensive developmental model charts the course of problem behavior over an extended period of time and includes factors on multiple levels (i.e., individual, environmental, social) that are involved in the emergence and maintenance of the problem. Developmental models are useful because they provide an overall framework for the timing of interventions and, as described previously, can also provide guidelines for the specific nature and content of interventions (Weissberg Greenberg, 1998). 

---