Adhesion to endothelial cells

Many low weight compounds produced by microor-ganism-like formylated peptides as well as endogenous mediators are chemotactic for leukocytes and promote the inflammatory process. The main endogenous compounds are listed in Table 1 and are derived from activated plasma protein cascades that function as amplification mechanisms, are performed and released from activated cells or are de novo synthesized on demand by cells participating in or being affected by inflammatory events. The major modulators of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells are listed in Table 2. 

Inflammation. Table 2 Modulation of leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells... 

The physiological function of heparin is not completely understood. It is found only in trace amounts in normal circulating blood. It exerts an antihpemic effect by releasing lipoprotein lipase from endothehal cells heparinlike proteoglycans produced by endothelial cells have anticoagulant activity. Heparin decreases platelet and inflammatory cell adhesiveness to endothelial cells, reduces the release of platelet-derived growth factor, inhibits tumor cell metastasis, and exerts an antiproliferative effect on several types of smooth muscle. 

Ludwig, A., Lorenz, M., Grimbo, N., Steinle, F., Meiners, S., Bartsch, C., Stangl, K., Baumann, G., and Stangl, V., The tea flavonoid epigallocatechin-3-gallate reduces cytokine-induced VCAM-1 expression and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 316, 659, 2004. 

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is converted to mycophenolic acid, the active form of the drug. The active product inhibits cytosine monophosphate dehydrogenase and, secondarily, inhibits T-cell lymphocyte proliferation downstream, it interferes with leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells through inhibition of E-selectin, P-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. MMF s pharmacokinetics and toxicities are discussed in Chapter 55. 

B. N. Cronstein, S. C. Kimmel, R. I. Levin, F. Martiniuk, and G. Weissmann, A mechanism for the antiinflammatory effects of corticosteroids the glucocorticoid receptor regulates leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 9991-9995 (1992). 

PF4. CXCL4. Belongs to inflammatory cytokines family, mediates the relationship between monocytes and endothelial cells, induces neutrophil adhesion and secondary granule exocytosis, and influences macrophages adhesion to endothelial cell by triggering monocyte arrest in atherosclerotic arteries... 

RANTES. Is the most efficient arrest chemokine. Influences macrophages adhesion to endothelial cell... 

Much inflammation in asthma is thought to be a consequence of the inappropriate accumulation of eosinophils and the subsequent release of their potent proinflammatory arsenal that includes such diverse elements as granule-derived basic proteins, mediators, cytokines, and chemokines (5). Interleukin (lL)-5 is cmcial to the development and release of eosinophils from the bone marrow, their enhanced adhesion to endothelial cells that line the postcapillary venules, and their persistence, activation, and secretion in the tissues. Several animal models of asthma including the use of primates have provided good evidence... 

Bastida, E., Almirall, L., Bertomeu, M. C. and Ordinas, A. (1989). Influence of shear stress on tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cell extracellular matrix and its modulation by fibronectin. Int. J. Cancer 43, 1174-1178. 

Hakomori, S. (1994). Novel endothelial cell activation factor(s) released from activated platelets which induce E-selectin expression and tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells a preliminary note. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Conun. 203, 1605-1613. 

Lauri, D., Needham, L., Martin-Padura, I. and Dejana, E. (1991). Tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells ELAM-1 as an inducible adhesive receptor specific for colon carcinoma cells. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 83, 1321-1324. 

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