Riot control agents respiratory

By any route of administration, the effects are slower in onset and longer in duration than typical riot control agents such as CS (o-chloro-benzylmalono-nitrile). Vomiting agents are irritants upon initial exposure. The slow onset for DM allows for the absorption of much more DM before a warning is perceived. The estimated threshold concentrations for irritation of the throat, lower respiratory tract, and initiation of the cough reflex are 0.38, 0.5, and 0.75 mg m respectively. 

Riot control agents such as CN are those that cause disabling physiological effects when they come into contact with the eyes or skin, or when inhaled. They have the capacity to cause intense sensory irritation of the skin and mucous membranes of the eye and respiratory tract. They are peripheral sensory irritants that pharmacologically interact with sensory nerve receptors in skin and mucosal surfaces at the site of contamination resulting in local pain and discomfort sensations with associated reflexes. The reflex associated with the inhalation exposure of irritants is the Kratschmer reflex. This reflex causes apnea, bradycardia, and a biphasic fall and rise in aortic blood pressure. 

General Remarks CS is a lacrimator and is used as a riot-control agent. It is one member of a group of compounds that includes, for example, 1-chloroacetophenone (CN), and 10-chloro-5,10-dihy-drophenarszine (DM). These agents rapidly (seconds to minutes) induce irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. 

Although the eyes and respiratory tract are the primary organs affected by riot-control agents, the skin is also often involved. Riot-control agents are primary irritants that in low concentrations produce tingling or burning sensation and transient... 

The riot control agent known as CR (dibenz(b,f)-1 4-oxazepine) is a relatively new compound, first synthesized in 1962 by Higginbottom and Suschitzkey. CR is more potent and less toxic than CS. Because of the low vapor pressure of CR solution, no respiratory tract effects are anticipated from its use. The LCt5g for animals exposed to grenade-generated smokes was found to be 167,500 mg min/m3. The estimated LCt50 for humans is probably higher than 100,000 mg min/m3.24... 

Riot control agents sometimes called primary chemosensory irritant chemicals (PCSI) such as 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS) gas are used widely around the world by police forces. Riot control agents have an immediate and disabling effect due to their actions on the eyes and upper respiratory system. However, the safety... 

Respiratory irritant (riot control agents) CS -1-95 -1-310 White powder Pungent... 

Riot Control, Chemical Agents for. Irritants, which affect the mucous membranes of the eyes and the respiratory system, are used in riot control to disperse crowds. Chloroaoetophenone... 

DM is considered less effective as a riot control or incapacitating agent than CS and CN (chloro-acetophenone), and it has been conjectured that there are greater differences in susceptibility among people to DM than to the other agents. DM, like CS, is considered to be a cholinesterase inhibitor, which may be responsible for its lacrimatory effect. DM also has a direct effect on gastric activity, but the evidence suggests that the lethal effect is respiratory related. 

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