Disability, causes

Pharmacologists speak of a drug s therapeutic index, the dosage ratio between the beneficial effect and the toxic effect. The first brain-disabling principle of psychiatric treatment reveals that the toxic dose is the therapeutic dose—that brain disability causes the seemingly therapeutic effect. This same principle applies to electroshock and psychosurgery. 

To amend and consolidate the laws relating to compensation for disablement caused by accidents to or industrial diseases contracted by workmen in the course of their employment or for death resulting from such accidents and diseases. (Workmen s Compensation Act, 1941, p. 2)... 

Physical disabilities caused by musculoskeletal conditions are estimated to affect 4 to 5 percent of the global adult population. More than 150 diseases and conditions involve the musculoskeletal system. In the United States, the annual estimated direct and indirect cost for people with a musculoskeletal disease is 254 billion. The global orthopedic products market is about 36 billion per year. Between 3 and 4 percent of all practicing physicians are orthopedic surgeons, and there are about 20,400 actively practicing orthopedic surgeons and residents in the United States. 

Pneumoconiosis. Disability caused by the inhalation, over a long period, of various dusts the form of the disease encountered most commonly in the ceramic industry is silicosis (q.v.). 

Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PV) is a safe and efficient therapeutic option for patients suffering from otherwise untreatable pain and disability caused by osteoporotic fracture or tumoral involvement of a vertebra. Vertebroplasty provides nearly immediate pain relief and stabilization, leading to a high rate of successful treatments with low morbidity, no or only short hospitalization, and rare adverse events. In addition, PV contributes to spinal stabilization and can be successfully combined with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, tumor ablation, and posterior laminectomy. Therefore, the number of procedures performed has continuously increased over the last few yccus. However, indications and contraindications, technical aspects, and possible complications of PV always have to be taken into account by the interventional radiologist. The success rate strongly depends - besides on the experience of the physician performing the procedure - on the visualization equipment used, such as CT fluoroscopy. 

Percutaneous vertebroplasty is a safe and efficient therapeutic option for patients suffering from otherwise unbeatable pain and disability caused by osteoporotic fracture or tumoral involvement of a vertebra. The vertebroplasty provides nearly immediate pain relief and stabilization, leading to a high rate of successful treatments with low morbidity, hospitalization, and adverse events. In addition, PV contributes to spinal stabiliza-... 

There is one aspect I should like to emphasize the irreversibility of the damage produced in the brain during the first months of life or the first months of fetal development. It is important to remark that the cause of the damage may not later produce the same kind of permanent lesion or disability caused earlier. Thus, it seems reasonable to assume that during these periods the transport systems between blood-brain and mother-fetus are non-existent or less effective (i.e. the enzymes of the transport systems are still immature ) in regulating the transport of substances across the membranes. 

Inhalation of crystalline or fused vitreous silica dust, usually overlong periods, causes a disabling, progressive pulmonary disease known as silicosis (84). Amorphous siUcas have not been linked to siUcosis (85), but can cause respiratory irritation. The history and poHtics of siUcosis have been reviewed (86). Standards have been set or recommended for occupational exposures (87,88) and review articles on the health effects of siUca are available (83,89). 

The principal health hazard that may be associated with shicon and shicon alloys is caused by the crystalline form of the oxide, ie, quartz, used as a raw material. Shica ia its crystalline form is the chief cause of disabling pulmonary fibrosis, such as shicosis. Over a period of years, the breathing of air containing excessive amounts of crystalline shica can cause shortness of breath (30). 

The industries which produce and handle various stone products emit considerable amounts of particulate matter at every stage of the operation. These particulates may include fine mineral dusts of a size to cause damage to the lungs. The threshold values for such dusts have been set quite low to prevent disabling diseases for the worker. 

External events are accident initiators that do not fit well into the central PSA structure used for "internal events." Some "external events" such as fire due to ignition of electrical wires, or flood from a ruptured service water pipe occur inside the plant. Others, such as earthquakes and tornados, occur outside of the plant. Either may cause failures in a plant like internal events. External initiators may cause multiple failures of independent equipment thereby preventing action of presumably redundant protection systems. For example, severe offsite flooding may fli 1 the pump room and disable cooling systems. An earthquake may impede evacuation of the nearby populace. These multiple effects must be considered in the analysis of the effects of external events. 

Identify critical locations where fires can cause an initiating event that could fail redundant engineered safety functions, or disable redundant and diverse safety-related equipment. 

In cases which recover from the pulmonary edema, there is usually no permanent disability, but pneumonia may develop later. Concns of 100—150ppm are dangerous for short exposures of 30 to 60 minutes. Concns of 200—700ppm may be fatal after even very short exposures Continued exposure to low concns of the fumes, insufficient to cause pulmonary edema, is said to result in chronic irritation of the respiratory tract, with cough, headache, loss of appetite, dyspepsia, corrosion of the teeth and gradual loss of strength... 

All fluoroquinolone drugs can cause pain, inflammation, or rupture of a tendon. The Achilles tendon is particularly vulnerable. This problem can be so severe tiiat prolonged disability results, and, at times, surgical intervention may be necessary to correct die problem, hi addition, the fluoroquinolone drugs, particularly sparfloxacin and lomefloxacin, cause dangerous photosensitivity reactions. Fhtients have experienced severe reactions even when sunscreens or sunblocks were used. 

CMV, a virus of the herpes family, isa common viral infection. Healthy individuals may beoome infected yet have no symptoms. However, immunocompromised patients (such as those with HIV or cancer) may have the infection. Symptoms include malaise, fever, pneumonia, and super infection. Infants may acquire the virus from the mother while in the uterus, resulting in learning disabilities and mental retardation. CM V can infect the eye, causing retinitis. Symptoms of CMV retinitis are blurred vision and decreased visual acuity. Visual impairment is irreversible and can lead to blindness if untreated. 

The above analysis is somewhat oversimplified and is considered an Incomplete assessment of the existing environmental problems caused by pesticides. Again, it must be emphasized that there is no completely satisfactory way to summarize all of the environmental and social costs in terms of dollars. For example, it is impossible, if not unethical to place a monetary value on human lives either lost, diseased, or disabled because of pesticide use. It is equally difficult to place a monetary value on total wildlife losses. Good health, and Indeed life itself have no price tag. 

MS, a chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS, is the most common cause of non-traumatic disability among young adults (Frohman et al. 2006). At the cellular level, MS is mediated by myelin-specific CD4h- T cells that destroy oligodendrocytes... 

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