Rio Declaration on Environment and

Note Report ofthe United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, (a) Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (b) Agenda 21 to be found at http //www.un.org/esa/sustdev. 

Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. (1992) Chapter 13, Managing Fragile Ecosystems Sustainable Mountain Development... 

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Stockholm, Sweden United Nations 1992. Publication E. 73.II.A. 14. Online. Available HTTP (accessed 6 July 2003). 

UNESCO 2007. Rio declaration on environment and development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, June 3-14, 1992. Available at URL http //www.unesco.org/education/infomiation/nfsunesco/pdf/RIO E.PDF (accessed April 5, 2009). 

All definitions of the precautionary principle are similar, essentially stating that when there is uncertainty and credible evidence of a risk, then precautionary actions should be taken. The most widely used definition of the precautionary principle is the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, which states... 

The environmental necessity to stop this negative development by switching to alternative strategies independent of fossil resources nowadays is generally undisputed. Already in 1992, the United Nations Rio Declaration on Environment and Development explicitly specified the political intention and willingness of most countries to forcefully support the development of bio-based and biocompalible materials. Literally, Principle 4 of the Rio Declaration slates that In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it With the tools of life cycle assessment (LCA) and cleaner production studies, much effort is contemporarily devoted to quantifying the environmental impact and feasibility of processes for production of polymeric materials (Sudesh and Iwala 2008). 

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held 20 years later in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, rekindled public interest in the environment. The conference adopted two conventions one on biological diversity and the second on climatic change. It also adopted the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda... 

Rio declaration on environment and development, made at UNCED 1992, ISBN 9 21 1005094 Principle 15... 

Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of fuU scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. [Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Principle 15, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 151/26 (Aug. 12, 1992)]. 

Two basic guidelines used in environmental agreements are The Precautionary Principle, ( PP ) and the Common but Differentiated Responsibility Principle ( DR Principle ). The former is a pre emptive measure that addresses possibilities of harm and makes parties to an agreement take measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of such harm even if there is no scientific certainty regarding the harm. The Common but Differentiated Responsibilities principle is enshrined in Principle 7 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development which states ... 

The only solution therefore seems to lie with a global mechanism for trading, and that is provided for by the Kyoto Protocol which explicitly provides that States should collectively pursue the limitation or reduction of aviation through ICAO. Principle 12 of the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development states ... 

Proponents of the risk-based approach emphasize that decisions should be made on the basis of what is known. There must be clear evidence that harm of a specified nature may be caused by a technology, harm of sufficient severity to justify the proposed restrictions on that technology. In contrast, it is less clear what a precautionary approach involves.1 2 It is often presented as being the taking of restrictive action when there is a lack of clear evidence or of scientific certainty. Principle 15 of the 1992 Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development puts it as follows ... 

Today, reference to the PP can be found in several international agreements and declarations. However, the description of the PP that has had the greatest impact can be found in the Rio Declaration from the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, and the Swedish government repeatedly referred to it when it proposed the Unified Environmental Code of 1998 to the Parliament. How- 51... 

The next major event in sustainable development was the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) that took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, also known as the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. This was the second worldwide meeting for discussing the nexus of environment and development. During this important event, the triple bottom line of Environment—Society—Economy (the three pillars of sustainable development) was adopted into international agreements related to climate change, biodiversity, and a unified declaration of environment and development. This was summarized in a global sustainable development action plan called Agenda 21 and in the Rio Declaration (27 principles for sustainable development). Some of the content of US conservation and environmental law coincided with those described by many of the principles of the Rio Declaration. 

At long last, it was announced that, "based on the major ideas and principles declared at the Rio de Janeiro Conference of 1992, Ukraine deems desirable a shift to sustainable development that would ensure a balanced solution to social and economic tasks and to problems of leaving the environment and the potential of natural resources in good order for the current and future generations."... 

The State (National) Health Policy is derived from the Constitution of the Slovak Republic, the World Health Organisation (WHO) Programme Hecilth for cill by the year 2000 , the Declaration of Life Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro 1992) cmd the European Chart on Life Environment and Health (Frankfurt 1989). This policy is provided by the State through the government in cooperation with... 

This declaration has been modified, clarified and extended during the different national or international meetings, such as the United Nations Conference on the environment and development, held in RIO in 1992, or that of KYOTO in Japan in 1997. Some major guidelines evolve from these texts ... 

In many respects, the Rio Declaration resembled the Declaration on Human Environment issued by the Stockholm Conference in 1972. The 27 non-binding principles of the Rio Declaration included the polluter pays concept and the precautionary principle. The latter recommends that, before a construction project begins, an impact study should be conducted to identify and forestall potential harm to the environment. 

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