Rice oil

Danielski L, Zetzl C, Hense H and Brunner G. 2005. A process line for the production of raffinated rice oil from rice bran. J Supercrit Fluids 34(2) 133—141. 

Kuratsune M, Yoshimura T, Matsuzaka J, Yamasuchi A Yusho, a poisoning caused by rice oil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls. HSMHA Health Rep 36 1083-1091, 1971... 

Japan PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls leaked into rice oil, 1665 people affected... 

Recently, Mondello et al. [13] used silver ion HPLC to develop a comprehensive LC (LCxLC) system. The results obtained on rice oil sample led to the separation of a number of isomers that cannot be separated by the usual monodimensional HPLC. The use of APCI-MS as a detection system provided a more affordable method for the identification of different isomers. 

OS 107 Klosa, J. Rice oil for protection of skin from aging, folding and detergents. Patent-Ger Offen-3,938,284 1990 5 pp. 

Another development is due to the interest in polychlorodibenzofurans, spurred by their occurrence as environmental contaminants. Polychloro-phenols are manufactured in large amounts (150,000 tons per annum) and find a wide range of uses. The usual method of manufacture involves the hydrolysis of chlorobenzenes, and side reactions, favored by high temperature, can lead to the production of polychlorodibenzofurans and poly-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. The Seveso incident is well known." Polychloro-biphenyls are also widely used industrial chemicals, particularly in heat exchange systems, and their pyrolysis leads to the formation of polychloro-dibenzofurans. Polychlorodibenzofurans have also been detected in the fly ash and flue gases of incinerators and industrial heating plants. The most toxic of the polychlorodibenzofurans are 2,3,7,8-tetra-, 1,2,3,7,8-penta-, and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran, and an extensive literature exists on the environmental pollution and the results of human exposure to these substances. A particularly tragic example of the latter occurred in 1968 in the Fukuoka prefecture of Japan after consumption of rice oil contaminated with a commercial polychlorobiphenyl. 

A similar relationship between PCDF isomers retained and apparently excreted has been observed for patients with the Yusho disease, an intoxication by a rice oil contaminated with PCBs and PCDFs. The contaminated rice oil and liver samples from two of the patients were analyzed and all the major PCDFs were identified. A comparison revealed that none of the isomers retained had two vicinal hydrogenated C-atoms in any of the two... 

Discharges from the acneiform eruptions of two patients analyzed at 32 and 45 ppm PCBs. An 18 year old male showed ca. 75 and 13 ppm in subcutaneous fat samples taken from his face and abdomen, respectively. GLC patterns similar to those in contaminated rice oils were found in the human samples examined, including those from fetal and placental tissues. Tissues from a stillborn infant (October 1968) were preserved for later analysis. These had PCB concentrations in liver, skin and fat of 1.8, 1.2 and 0.1 ppm, respectively. The pregnant mother had been diagnosed as a severe case of Yusho. First trimester PCB concentrations reported for 19 embryos were low (<2ppb). Second and third trimester were successively higher (Table 9) ... 

Kuratsune, M., T. Yoshimura, J. Matsuzaka and A. Yamaguchi, "Epidemiologic Study (on) Yusho, A Poisoning caused by Ingestion of Rice Oil contaminated with a Commercial Brand of Polychlorinated Biphenyls," Environ. Health Perspect.. Exp. Issue No. 1, pp. 119-28 (Apr. 1972). 

CDD/CDF body burdens, elimination half-lives corrected for alterations in body weight ranged from 3.5 years for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF to 7.9 years for 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 15 years for 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD (Rohde et al. 1997). In the same study, half-lives for elimination due only to fecal excretion ranged from 10 years for OCDD to 22 years for 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 27 years for 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD. The half-lives for 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF in humans exposed to contaminated rice oil in the Yusho incident range from 2 to 30 years, and were inversely dependent on adipose tissue concentrations above approximately 10 ng/kg body weight (i.e., the higher the body burden, the faster the elimination) (Ryan et al. 1993a). 

Ryan JJ, Levesque D, Panopio LG, etal. 1993a. Elimination of polychlorinated dibenzofiirans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from human blood in the Yusho and Yu-Cheng rice oil poisonings. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 24 504-512. 

Potential energy surfaces and excitation scheme involved in Tannor-Rice Oiled Na2 ionization. (Taken from Fig. 3, Ref. [108].)... 

The adverse human impacts of PCBs have been investigated in occupationally exposed workers as well as individuals poisoned with PCB-contaminated rice oil in Japan and Taiwan (Yusho and Yu-Cheng poisonings).91,107-109 In addition, recent studies have shown a correlation with in utero exposure to PCBs and subtle neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioural deficits in children.110 These effects were observed in children with relatively low-level environmental exposure to PCBs and thus have raised concerns regarding the potential adverse effects of low level in utero exposure to organochlorine compounds during critical periods of foetal development. 

The potential toxicity of PCBs to humans first came into the public arena in 1968, when over 1,500 people around Fukuoka in south-west Japan were poisoned by eating food cooked in rice oil contaminated with PCBs. This was not a single (acute) poisoning incident as the victims used the contaminated rice oil for cooking for some three months. The oil had become contaminated with PCBs as a result of a leak in the machinery in the plant producing the rice oil. People started to suffer from various diseases, and the illness became known as Yusho disease (meaning rice oil disease). Most prominent was chloracne, a severe effect on the skin which is also caused by dioxins. Babies born to women who were exposed also showed symptoms of the disease. Eventually some 2,000 cases of Yusho disease were recorded. 

Yao, Y., Takasuga, T., Masunaga, S., Nakanishi, J. (2002). Detailed study on the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls in Yusho rice oil. Chemosphere 46 1461-9. 

Rice oil, also called rice bran oil, has been used extensively in Asian countries such as Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan, Thailand, and Pakistan (1, 2). It is the preferred oil in Japan for its subtle flavor and odor. Interest in rice oil in the United States was initiated after WWll, primarily to provide an additional revenue stream to the rice miller. More recently, interest in rice oil escalated with its identihcation as a healthy oil that reduces serum cholesterol (3, 4). 

Rice oil is a minor constituent of rough rice when compared with the carbohydrate and protein content. Two major classes of lipids are present those internal within the endosperm and those associated with the bran. The internal lipids contribute to the nutritional, functional, and sensory qualities of rice (7). 

Rice bran is the main source of rice oil. The majority of available bran continues to be used for animal feeds without being extracted for the oil. The food industry... 

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