Rice, by-products

Perretti G, Miniati E, Montanari L and Fantozzi P. 2003. Improving the value of rice by-products by SFE. J Supercrit Fluids 26(1 ) 63—71. 

Kuk YI, Burgas NR, Albert RE (2001) Evaluation of rice by-products for weed control. Weed Sci 49 141-147... 

Patel, M., Crank, M., Domburg, V., Hermann, B., Roes, L., Husing, B., Overbeek, L., Terragni, F. and Recchia, E. 2006. The BREW Project Report Medium and Long-Term Opportunities and Risks of the Biotechnological Production of Bulk Chemicals from Renewable Resources. http //www.chem.uu.nl/brew/BREW.Final.Report.September 2006.pdf Perretti, G., Miniati, E., Montanari, L. and Fantozzi, P. 2003. Improving the Value of Rice By-Products by SFE. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 6, 63-71. 

K. Yokochi, Rice By-Products Utilization, International Conference, Valencia, Spain, 1974. 

The aim of this study was to evaluate SFT for the exploitation of all the rice by-products, and novel processes to manufacture value-added food products. Conditions were studied to extract and, eventually, enrich tocochromanols and oryzanols from a SC-CO2 extracted rice oil taken from the rice processing chain (raw material, intermediate products, by-products). To study the extraction conditions (pressure, temperature, extraction time, flow rate, etc.) and oil solubility for rice samples, extractions were initially conducted on rice bran because of its high oil concentration (generally 15-30%). 

Table 1. y-Oryzanol content in SC-CO2 extracts of rice by-products (12)... 

We concluded that SC-CO2 can be used to efficiently and rapidly extract oil from all by-products of rice processing. The initial analyses indicated that the quality of the SC-CO2 extracted oil is as suitable for human consumption as the traditionally extracted one. The exhausted cake is still rich in high quality proteins and phosphatides (22). The possibility of obtaining a SC-C02-extracted rice oil rich in y-otyzanol and other antioxidants (e.g. vitamin E) indicates that this rice oil can be considered a nutraceutical product Saito et al. (23) and Dunford and King (24, 25) used SC-CO2 to fractionate rice bran oil by SFF. Their results are extended by the present study to take advantage of the effect of SC-CO2 extraction eventually combined wilh SC-CO2 fractionation to over again increase the value of rice by-products. 

Yokochi, K. (1977) Rice bran processing for the production of rice bran oil and deoiled bran, in Proceedings Rice By-products Utilization, Int. Conf., Valencia, Spain, 1974, Vol. 3 - Rice Bran Utilization Oil, eds. S. Barber and E. Tortosa, Inst. Agroquim, Technol. Aliment., Valencia, Spain, pp. 1-38. 

Economic Aspects and Uses. Ammonium chloride is used as a nitrogen source for fertilization of rice, wheat, and other crops ia Japan, China, India, and Southeast Asia. Japan is a large producer, much of which is as by-product. 

Industrial by-products are becoming more widely used as raw materials for cement, eg, slags contain carbonate-free lime, as well as substantial levels of silica and alumina. Fly ash from utility boilers can often be a suitable feed component, because it is already finely dispersed and provides silica and alumina. Even vegetable wastes, such as rice hull ash, provide a source of silica. Probably 50% of all industrial by-products are potential raw materials for Pordand cement manufacture. 

Potential resources of xylans are by-products produced in forestry and the pulp and paper industries (forest chips, wood meal and shavings), where GX and AGX comprise 25-35% of the biomass as well as annual crops (straw, stalks, husk, hulls, bran, etc.), which consist of 25-50% AX, AGX, GAX, and CHX [4]. New results were reported for xylans isolated from flax fiber [16,68], abaca fiber [69], wheat straw [70,71], sugar beet pulp [21,72], sugarcane bagasse [73], rice straw [74], wheat bran [35,75], and jute bast fiber [18]. Recently, about 39% hemicelluloses were extracted from vetiver grasses [76]. 

Free radicals are by-products of prostaglandin metabolism and may even regulate the activity of the arachidonate pathway. Arachidonic acid, released from lipids as a result of activation of phospholipases by tissue injury or by hormones, may be metabolized by the prostaglandin or leu-kotriene pathways. The peroxidase-catalysed conversion of prostaglandin G2 to prostaglandin H2 (unstable prostanoids) and the mechanism of hydroperoxy fatty acid to the hydroxy fatty acid conversion both yield oxygen radicals, which can be detected by e.s.r. (Rice-Evans et al., 1991). 

Simmons JE, Richardson SD, Teuschler LK, Miltner RJ, Speth TF, Schenck KM, Hunter ES IB, Rice G (2008) Research issues underlying the four-lab study integrated disinfection by-products mixtures research. J Toxicol Environ Health A 71 1125-1132... 

In recent years, the conversion of starch to fructose has become a very important commercial process. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is approximately twice as sweet as sucrose. It is used in soft drinks, canned fruits, lactic acid beverages, juice, bread, ice cream, frozen candies, and so on. HFCS can be obtained from a variety of cereals and vegetables, such as corn, wheat, rice, potatoes, and cassava. Corn is the most important source of HFCS because of low costs and excellent utilities of its by-products, corn meal, oil, gluten, germ, and fiber. 

Farrell, D.J. and Hutton, K. (1990) Rice and rice milling by-products. In Thacker, P.A. and Kirkwood, R.N. (eds) Nontrad-itional Feed Sources for Use in Swine Production. Butterworths, Massachusetts, pp. 339-354. 

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