Rice Production

Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major world food crop. Only wheat surpasses rice with regard to production and food use. About 90% of the world s rice is produced and consumed in Asia.1 The production and consumption of rice in the United States, while not a staple food, increased more than 40% during the period from 1980 to 19952 and an additional 25% from 1995 to 2005.3 The price of rice in 

Starch Chemistry and Technology, Third Edition ISBN 978-0-12-746275-2 

Rice varieties are distinguished by their amylose content. There are two basic types common and waxy. Waxy rice has an amylose content of 0-2%. Common or regular rice varieties are referred to as having amylose contents that are low (9-20%), medium (20-25%) or high ( 25%) amylose. The availability of waxy rice is usually limited and large requirements for waxy rice are contracted in advance to ensure a supply. 

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World rice production has been increasing at approximately 7 million t/yr since 1950. Land use for rice production increased from 103 million ha in 1950 to 146 million in 1978. Since 1978 the acreage has remained fairly constant. The increase in production since 1978 has been the result of higher yields per ha (increasing from 2.58 in 1978 to 3.16 million t/ha in 1988). 

The three principal domestic uses for rice in 1988 were direct food (61%), processed food (18%), and beer (20%). The direct food use figure includes the conventional white milled rice plus specialty rice products (parboiled, precooked, aromatic, brown, and prepackaged mixes) shipped directly from the rice mills. The specialty products account for approximately one-fifth of the direct food use. Approximately two-thirds of the direct food use rice is ultimately distributed to consumers through retail outlets and one-third through food service outlets. 

J. E. Wimberly, "Storage Practices," in Meeting of Experts on the Mechanisation of Rice Production and Processing FAO, Rome, 1971, pp. 142—144. 

Somewhat analogous to these rice products is Oatrim, a material based on oat flour. It was developed at the Northern Laboratory of the USDA and is offered commercially by several firms. Oatrim contains 5% proteia, 5% P-glucan, 2% pentosans, and 83% maltodextrias. Unique properties are claimed based on the P-glucan component, and preparation of Oatrim is disclosed ia USDA pubHcations and patents. Briefly, oat flour is broken down by a-amylase, then the water-soluble component is dried and is the product of commerce, aimed at ground meat product usage. 

The role of carbon dioxide in the Earth s radiation budget merits this interest in atmospheric CO2. There are, however, other changes of importance. The atmospheric methane concentration is increasing, probably as a result of increasing cattle populations, rice production, and biomass burning (Crutzen, 1983). Increasing methane concentrations are important because of the role it plays in stratospheric and... 

Ponnamperuma, F.N. (1984). Role ofcultivar tolerance in increasing rice production on saline lands. In Salinity Tolerance in Plants Strategies for Crop Improvement, ed. R.C. Staples and G.A. Toenniessen, pp. 255-71. New York John Wiley. 

There are a number of methods that have been proposed to help prevent the loss of circulation fluid [1214]. Some of these methods use fibrous, flaky, or granular material to plug the pores as the particulate material settles out of the slurry. Examples are oat hulls [855], rice products [294,295], waste olive pulp [519], nut cork [654,1532], pulp residue waste [750], petroleum coke [1840], and shredded cellophane [296]. 

Rice is one of the most important and basic staple foods for about half of the world s population and provides over 20% of the global calorie intake. World rice production is projected to expand by 1.4% per year to 424 million tonnes by 2005, according to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 

In key rice-producing regions in Asia, rice production is performed mostly in paddy fields where crop production has been highly sustainable owing to ... 

The application of pesticides to paddy fields represents a unique set of issues compared with many other use patterns. Agrochemicals used in rice production are introduced directly or indirectly into paddy water, and there are more opportunities for... 

Methane Emissions from Rice Production in the United States — A Review of Controlling Factors and Summary of Research... 

Keywords Methane, emissions, rice production, agriculture, soil texture... 

While numerous factors have been determined to impact CF14 emissions from rice cultivation, due to a general lack of field data, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEP A) currently uses a single emissions factor for all non-California-grown, primary rice crops [4]. Therefore, the purpose of this review is two-fold (i) discuss the factors known to control CH4 production in the soil and transport to the atmosphere from rice cultivation and (ii) summarize the historic and recent research conducted on CF14 emissions from rice production in the temperate United States. 

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