Ribosomes Nature

StarkH, RodninaM, Rinke-Appel J, BrimacombeR, WintermeyerW, vanHeelM. Visualization of elongation factor Tu on the Escherichia coli ribosome. Nature 1997 389 403 105. 

Mitra et al. (2005) Structure of the E. coli protein-conducting channel bound to a translating ribosome. Nature 438 318-324... 

Samaha, R.R., Green, R., Noller, H.F., A base pair between tRNA and 23S rRNA in the peptidyl transferase centre of the ribosome. Nature 1995, 377, 309-314. 

Kaiser CM, Chang H-C, Agashe VR, Laksmipathy SK, Etcherlls SA, Hayer-Hartl M, Hartl FU, Barral JM. Real-time observation of trigger factor function on translating ribosomes. Nature 2006 444 455-460. 

Shafritz, D. A., and Anderson, W. F., Factor dependent binding of methionyl-tRNAs to reticulocyte ribosomes. Nature London) 227, 918-920 (1970). 

Neupert W., Lill R. (1994) Protein synthesis Cradle at the ribosome. Nature 370 421. 

Agrawal R K, Heagle A B, Penczek P, Grassucci R A and Frank J 1999 EF-G-dependent GTP hydrolysis induces translocation accompanied by large conformational changes in the 70S ribosome Nature Struct. Biol. 6 643-7... 

Prichard, P. M., J. M. Gilbert, D. A. Shafritz, and W. F. Anderson. 1970. Factors for the initiation of haemoglobin synthesis by rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes. Nature (London), 226 511. 

Ono, Y., Skoultchi, A., Waterson, J., and Lengyel, P. (1969) Peptide chain elongation GTP cleavage catalysed by factors binding aminoacyl-transfer RNA to the ribosome. Nature, 222, 645-648. 

Kaempfer, R., 1970, Dissociation of ribosomes on polypeptide chain termination and origin of single ribosomes. Nature 228 534. 

Amino acids are the main components of proteins. Approximately twenty amino acids are common constituents of proteins (1) and are called protein amino acids, or primary protein amino acids because they are found in proteins as they emerge from the ribosome in the translation process of protein synthesis (2), or natural amino acids. In 1820 the simplest amino acid, glycine, was isolated from gelatin (3) the most recendy isolated, of nutritional importance, is L-threonine which was found (4) in 1935 to be a growth factor of rats. The history of the discoveries of the amino acids has been reviewed... 

In contrast, RNA occurs in multiple copies and various forms (Table 11.2). Cells contain up to eight times as much RNA as DNA. RNA has a number of important biological functions, and on this basis, RNA molecules are categorized into several major types messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Eukaryotic cells contain an additional type, small nuclear RNA (snRNA). With these basic definitions in mind, let s now briefly consider the chemical and structural nature of DNA and the various RNAs. Chapter 12 elaborates on methods to determine the primary structure of nucleic acids by sequencing methods and discusses the secondary and tertiary structures of DNA and RNA. Part rV, Information Transfer, includes a detailed treatment of the dynamic role of nucleic acids in the molecular biology of the cell. 

Macrolides are a group of antibiotics, produced in nature by many actinomycetes strains, that are composed of a 12- to 16-membered lactone ring, to which one or more sugar substituents is attached. They target the peptidyl transferase center on the 50S ribosomal subunit and function primarily by interfering with movement of the nascent peptide away from the active site and into the exit tunnel. 

Carter AP, Clemons WM, Brodersen DE et al (2000) Functional insights from the structure of the 30S ribosomal subunit and its interactions with antibiotics. Nature 407 340-348... 

The atomic structure of this subunit and its complexes with substrate analogs revealed the enzymatic activity of the rRNA backbone. Thus, the ribosome is in fact a ribozyme P Nissen, J Hansen, N Ban, PB Moore, TA Steitz. Science 289 920-930, 2000. Atomic structure of the ribosome s small 30S subunit, resolved at 5 A WM Clemons Jr, JL May, BT Wimberly, JP McCutcheon, MS Capel, V Ramakrishnan. Nature 400 833-840, 1999. The 8-A crystal structure of the 70S ribosome reveals a double-helical RNA bridge between the 50S and the 30S subunit GM Culver, JH Cate, GZ Yusupova, MM Yusupov, HF Noller. Science 285 2133-2136, 1999. 

Sturgill TW, Ray LB, Erikson E, Mailer JL 1988 Insulin-stimulated MAP-2 kinase phosphorylates and activates ribosomal protein S6 kinase II. Nature 334 715-718... 

Heterocycles are found in a wide variety of natural products, and the chemical nature of these moieties imparts recognition elements critical to both protein and nucleic acid targets. These moieties may be biosynthesized via either ribosomal or nonribosomal pathways and can occur either singly within a molecule or as multiple, repeating heterocyclic units within the same compound (Figure 13.19). 

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