3 -untranslated region

Fig. 2.1 (A) Structure of the HCV genome, with 5 - and 3 -untranslated regions and individual proteins of the polyprotein indicated Regions of the genome (approximately 3,000 bases) are drawn to scale. Structural protein regions are in light gray, nonstructural proteins in white, and untranslated regions in dark gray. (B) Structure of a typical replicon sequence, with the antibiotic resistance gene (Neo ) in place of the structural region and the second IRES (EMCV) inserted. The NS2 sequence is often rwt present in the replicon.

A G (guanine) to A (adenine) transition in position 20210 of the prothrombin gene (prothrombin 20210 A allele) has been described that leads to increased prothrombin concentrations and, in turn, increased risk for venous thrombosis (88). This G-to-A transition that occurs in the 3 untranslated region of the gene may not be the only reason for increased prothrombin concentrations because apparently only 25% of individuals with prothrombin concentrations greater than 115% carry the prothrombin 20210 A allele (88). 

Poot S. R Rosendaal F. R., Reitsma P. H Bertina R. M. A common genetic variation in the 3 -untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis. Blood 1996 88,3698-703. 

A prototype bDNA assay was developed for quantification of HGV/GBV-C RNA in serum (Pessoa et al, 1997). The assay employed target probes based on the relatively conserved sequence in the 5 untranslated region of the HGV/GB V-C genome. Preamplifier molecules and incorporation of isoC and isoG into the sequences common to bDNA assays were used to enhance the analytical sensitivity. The provisional limit of detection was 32,500 genome equivalents/ml based on dilutions of a 700-nucleotide synthetic HGV/GBV-C RNA transcript. The run-to-run variance of the assay was <15%. 

Vedie B, Jeunemaitre X, Megnien JL, Atger V, Simon A, Moatti N. A new DNA polymorphism in the 5 untranslated region of the human SREBP-la is related to development of atherosclerosis in high cardiovascular risk population. Atherosclerosis 2001 154 589-597. 

Kaneda S, Takeishi K, Ayusawa D et al. Role in translation of a triple tandemly repeated sequence in the 5 -untranslated region of human thymidylate synthase mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1987 15 1259-1270. 

Conne B, Vassalli JD. The 3 untranslated region of messenger RNA A molecular hotspot for pathology Nature Med 6 637-641. 

Fig. 24.1 Variant alleles at the human TPMT locus. Grey boxes are exons containing mutations. White boxes are untranslated regions and black boxes represent exons in the ORF. Dashed box represents exon 2, which was detected in one of 16 human liver cDNAs (adapted from [30]).

Gene A segment of DNA containing all information for the regulated biosynthesis of an RNA product, including promoters, exons, introns, and other untranslated regions that control expression. Fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity and evolution. A gene is an ordered sequence of nucleotides located on a specific chromosomal locus that encodes particular products (i.e., RNA molecules, proteins) (see comment at amino acids). 

MK2 (also termed MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2, MAPKAP-K2) is activated by p38 MAP kinase a// (Kotlyarov et al, 2002 Roux and Blenis, 2004). MK2 plays a key role in the control of the production of certain cytokines, for example, tumor necrosis factor a. MK2 does so by phosphorylating proteins that bind specifically to the regulatory regions in the S untranslated regions (UTRs) of such mRNAs (Hitti et al, 2006). These regions contain AU-rich elements (AREs) to which proteins such as HnRNP A1 also bind. 

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