Ribonucleic acid protein synthesis and

Inhibition of the development of tolerance to morphine in rats by drugs which inhibit ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis... 

Nagasawa, T., H. Oura, S. Hiai, and K. Nishinaga Effect of Ginseng Extract on Ribonucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis in Rat Kidney. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Japan) 25, 1665 (1977). 

Errera, M., Hell, A., Perry, R.P. The role of the nucleolus in ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis. II. Amino acid incorporation into normal and nucleolar inactivated HeLa cells. Biochim. biophys. Acta (Amst.) 49, 58-63 (1961)... 

Baltimore, D., Franklin, R. M. and Callender, J., 1963, Mengovirus induced inhibition of host ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 76 425. 

KEY J.L. 1964. Ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis as essential processes for cell elongation. Plant Physiology, 39, 365-370. 

Gold, L. M., Schweiger, M. Control of j5-glucosyltransferase and lysozyme synthesis during T4 deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in vitro. J. biol. Chem. 245, 2255-2258 (1970). 

Raghavan, V., and Tunc, H. F. (1967). Inhibition of two-dimensional growth and suppression of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in the gametophytes... 

Interferon-a2 concentrated solution is a solution of a protein that is produced according to the information coded by the o2 sub-species of interferon-a gene and that exerts non-specific antiviral activity, at least in homologous cells, through cellular metabolic processes involving synthesis of both ribonucleic acid and protein. Interferon-a2 concentrated solution also exerts antiproliferative activity. Different types of interferon a2, varying in the amino acid residue at position 23, are designated by a letter in lower case. 

Gruenwedel, D. W., and Cruikshank, M. K., 1979a, Effect of methyl-mercury(II) on the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid and protein in HeLa S3 cells, Blochem. Pharmacol. 28 651. 

Gupta, S. L., Waterson, J., Sopori, M. L., Weissman, S. M. and Lengyel, P. (1971) Movement of the ribosome along the messenger ribonucleic acid during protein synthesis. Biochemistry, 10, 4410-4421. 

When observed under the electron microscope, the yeast cytoplasm appears rich in ribosomes. These tiny granulations, made up of ribonucleic acids and proteins, are the center of protein synthesis. Joined to polysomes, several ribosomes migrate the length of the messenger RNA. They translate it simultaneously so that each one produces a complete polypeptide chain. 

Sauerbier, W., Brautigam, a. R. Control of gene function in bacteriophage T4. II. Synthesis of messenger ribonucleic acid and protein after interrupting deoxyribonucleic acid replication and glucosylation. J. Virol. 5, 179-187 (1970). 

The essence of life is contained in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which stays in the cell nucleus, and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which functions in the cell cytoplasm. These substances, which are known collectively as nucleic acids, store and pass on essential genetic information that controls reproduction and protein synthesis. 

In vitro genotoxicity studies are summarized in Table 2-17. Eukaryotic cell systems were used for detecting the effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure on DNA. Exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD did not stimulate the unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultural human cells (Loprieno et al. 1982), but inhibited DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein synthesis in mouse lymphocytes (Luster et al. 1979) caused gene mutations in mouse lymphoma cells (Rogers et al. 1982) and induced sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells (Toth et al. 1984). 

Biopolymers are either synthesized by template-dependent or template-independent enzymatic processes. For the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins a template is required, whereas all other polymers are synthesized by template-independent processes. The templates for nucleic acids are desoxyribonucleic acids or ribonucleic acids depending on the type of nucleic acid synthesized. For proteins, the template is messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). This has different impacts on the structure and on the molecular weights (MWs) of the polymers. Although both nucleic acids and proteins are copolymers with each type consisting of 4 or 22 different constituents, respectively, the distribution of the constituents is absolutely defined by the matrix and is not random. Furthermore, each representative of the two polymers has a defined MW. Polymers synthesized in template-dependent processes are monodisperse. All this is different in polymers synthesized by template-independent processes first of all, these polymers are polydisperse secondly, if these polymers are copolymers, the distribution of the constituents is more or less fully random. 

Initiation factors, IF catalytic proteins required for the initiation of RNA synthesis (see Ribonucleic acids) and of Protein synthesis (see). Three structurally and functionally characterized IF of E. coU are IF 1 (M, 9,000), IF 2 (M, 97,000) and IF 3 (M, 22,000 They appear to be loosely associated with the ribosomes, but can be dissociated from them with 0.5 M NH4CI or KCl, or isolated from the cytoplasm after homogenization. Some eukaryotic systems possess more than 10 IF (elF, e for eukaryotic), none of which can functionally substitute for the bacterial IF. There is thus strict class specificity in the initiation of protein synthesis. 

The deepest theoretical value of pterinoid studies may come, as noted, from the glimpses afforded of a remarkable self-regulating ("feedback ) system for the synthesis of the folic-B catalysts, in which FA and B12 participate in their own synthesis, catalyze synthesis of portions in each other, and join in the synthesis of building blocks of ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and protein. How far does the autonomy of this complex extend These glimpses have encouraged us to present every potentially fruitful lead that came to our notice. 

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