Rhinitis, allergic manifestation

It is frequently used in mild, local allergic reactions due to insect bites. It possesses sedative, antiemetic and anti-tussive properties and can be used in seasonal allergic rhinitis, allergic manifestations due to urticaria and allergic conjunctivitis of inhalant allergens. 

We suggest that allergic manifestations, which appear as asthma bronchiale and allergic rhinitis and thereby within the same joint airway system, should be regarded as one single disease [1-3]. 

It is well documented that certain viral infections are associated with the induction and/or exacerbation of allergic reactions [84-86]. Moreover, infection with HCV, HAV and HBV can be associated with increased IgE levels [30, 31] and certain allergic manifestations [28]. In addition, HIV-1 infection can be associated with increased IgE levels [33-42] and augmented prevalence of adverse reactions to drugs and urticarial rash [47-48], Similarly, certain bacterial infections (e.g. S. aureus) can exacerbate atopic dermatitis [62-64], certain forms of allergic rhinitis [65, 66], and asthma [87], Therefore, it appears that viral and bacterial infections can be involved in the induction and/or exacerbation of respiratory and skin allergies. 

Dexchlorpheniramine competitively antagonizes histamine Hi at receptor sites. It is indicated in treatment of perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis vasomotor rhinitis allergic conjunctivitis mild, uncomplicated allergic skin manifestations of urticaria and angioedema amelioration of allergic reactions to blood or plasma dermographism and adjunctive anaphylactic therapy. 

It is frequently employed in the treatment of perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens andfoods, simple allergic skim manifestations of urticaria and angioedema, dermographism and anaphylactic reactions as an adjunct to adrenaline. 

Allergic Seasonal or Perennial Rhinoconjunctivitis. Histamine can cause all pathologic features of allergic rhinitis (35—37), with the exception of late-phase inflammatory reactions. Pmritus is caused by stimulation of receptors on sensory nerve endings prostaglandins (qv) may also contribute. Sneering, like pmritus, is an H -mediated neural reflex and can also be mediated by eicosanoids. Mucosal edema, which manifests as nasal... 

Atopy refers to the allergic sensitivity that certain individuals develop towards common and mostly innocuous environmental antigens such as dust mites, plant pollens and animal proteins. The condition of atopy generally manifests itself clinically in the form of asthma, hay fever, eczema or allergic rhinitis. The development of an atopic condition has been associated with the generation of predominately Th2 biased immune response to the particular allergen, and is thus often referred to as a Th2 based disease (Romagnani, 1994). 

There is steady growing evidence that environmental exposure to insects at home and in the workplace are the frequent causes of allergic sensitization (Arlian 2002). Subsequently clinical symptoms are mainly of respiratory nature, manifested in allergic rhinitis, asthma, and urticaria (Steen et al. 2004), and in some documented cases also via ingestion, causing systemic anaphylaxis. 

Type I reactions are IgE mediated and cause manifestations of allergic symptoms due to the release of immune mediators such as histamine or leukotrienes. These reactions typically occur within minutes of drug exposure and may manifest as generalized prurituS/ urticaria/ angioedema/ anaphylaxiS/ rhinitiS/ or conjunctivitis (21). Anaphylaxis can result from exposure to any antigen (e.g./ penicillin) and may be fatal in the absence of prompt medical intervention. 

Cetirizine competitively antagonizes histamine at the Hi-receptor site and is indicated in the symptomatic relief of symptoms (e.g., nasal, nonnasal) associated with seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis treatment of uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Histamine is a potent vasodilator, bronchial smooth-muscle constrictor, and stimnlant of nociceptive itch nerves. In addition to histamine, mnltiple chemical itch mediators can act as pruritogens on C-fibers, including neuropeptides, prostaglandins, serotonin, acetylcholine, and bradykinin. Furthermore, new receptor systems such as vanilloid, opioid, and canna-binoid receptors on cutaneous sensory nerve fibers that may modulate itch offer novel targets for antipruritic therapy. 

Clemastine competitively antagonizes histamine at Hj-receptor sites and is indicated in the relief of symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis or other upper respiratory allergies, such as sneezing, rhinorrhea, pruritus, and lacrimation and relief of mild, uncomplicated allergic skin manifestation of urticaria and angioedema. 

Fexofenadine is a peripherally selective histamine receptor antagonist that competitively antagonizes histamine at the Hj-receptor site. It is indicated in the symptomatic relief of symptoms (nasal and nonnasal) associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis and treatment of uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria. 

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