Introduction to Volumes 1 and

In the introduction to Volume 1 of this series, the founding editors, J. N. Pitts, G. S. Hammond and W. A. Noyes, Jr. noted developments in a brief span of prior years that were important for progress in photochemistry flash photolysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron spin resonance. A quarter of a century later, in Volume 14 (1988), the editors noted that since then two developments had been of prime significance the emergence of the laser from an esoteric possibility to an important light source, and the evolution of computers to microcomputers in common laboratory use of data acquisition. These developments strongly influenced research on the dynamic behavior of the excited state and other transients. 

The sensitivity of an explosive is a measure of the ease or minimum amount of energy required to initiate fast decomposition in the material [1-5], It is not a quantity which can be defined precisely, and as indicated in the introduction to Volume 1, it is often expressed as a probability that an explosion will occur following the application of a given stimulus at a specified level. Very often the nature of the decomposition regime initiated is not determined with any precision, although in assessing the potential consequences it is clearly important to know whether the regime is stable and whether detonation is achieved. 

The general terms of reference remain those set out in the Introduction to Volume 1 (p. 3) and the arrangement of subject matter follows that of previous Reports in this Series. 

Tlie first two chapters in this volume continue the survey of heteroaromatic tautomerism that was the topic of Volume 76 of Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry. Tliis whole subject was first dealt with comprehensively in Volumes 1 and 2 of our series, which date back to 1963 and 1964.Tlie area was updated in a special supplementary volume of the series that appeared in 1976 but is now seriously out of date. Tire chapters in Volume 76 deal with a general introduction and the tautomerism of tive-membered monocyclic rings systems. 

This volume represents a continuing effort to cover comprehensively the unclassified information on explosives and related subjects in the same manner and format as in previous volumes. The reader is urged to obtain the previous volumes and to read both the PREFACE and INTRODUCTION in Volume 1 in order to understand the authors way of presenting the subject matter... 

Volumes 1, 2 and 3 form an integrated series with the fundamentals of fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer in the first volume, the physical operations of chemical engineering in this, the second volume, and in the third volume, the basis of chemical and biochemical reactor design, some of the physical operations which are now gaining in importance and the underlying theory of both process control and computation. The solutions to the problems listed in Volumes 1 and 2 are now available as Volumes 4 and 5 respectively. Furthermore, an additional volume in the series is in course of preparation and will provide an introduction to chemical engineering design and indicate how the principles enunciated in the earlier volumes can be translated into chemical plant. 

Figure 1.67 Specific volume as a function of temperature on cooling from the melt for a polymer that tends to crystallize. Region A is liquid, B liquid with elastic response, C supercooled liquid, D glass, E crystallites in a supercooled liquid matrix, F crystallites in a glassy matrix, and G completely crystalline. Paths ABCD, ABEF, and ABG represent fast, intermediate, and very slow cooling rates, respectively. From K. M. Ralls, T. H. Courtney, and J. Wulff, Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering. Copyright 1976 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. This material is used by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.

In this endeavor the original author of Handbook-I has been joined by Alexander Pozharskii of the University of Rostov, Russia. We have adopted for Handbook-II (for the most part) the arrangement and classification of Handbook-I. However, a large amount of new material has been added, most of which has been taken from the 10 volumes of CHEC-II. In many instances we have utilized pieces of actual text and structural schemes directly from CHEC-II. Because of the close relationship to CHEC and to CHEC-II, the Foreword, Introduction to CHEC-II and Short Contents of both CHEC and CHEC-II are reprinted as part of the Part I Preliminaries of Handbook-II. Just as for Handbook-I, the organization of Handbook-II follows that of the CHEC and CHEC-II rather closely except in the case of ring synthesis, and Chapter 1.3 of the Handbook describes these divergencies. 

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the scope and limitations of radical cyclization reactions. Emphasis will be placed on the reactivity profile of radicals with respect to chemo-, regio-and stereo-selectivity. Because most sequential radical reactions include at least one cyclization, they are also presented in this chapter. The organization of this chapter is similar to the previous chapter on radical additions. However, the basic principles of radical reactions, selectivity requirements, methods to conduct radical reactions (including experimental techniques), and mechanisms are extensively discussed in the previous chapter, and these aspects will be reiterated rather sparingly. A reader who is not familiar with the principles of radical reactions as applied to synthesis should read the addition chapter (Chapter 4.1, this volume) first. 

The discussion above provides a brief qualitative introduction to the transport and fate of chemicals in the environment. The goal of most fate chemists and engineers is to translate this qualitative picture into a conceptual model and ultimately into a quantitative description that can be used to predict or reconstruct the fate of a chemical in the environment (Figure 27.1). This quantitative description usually takes the form of a mass balance model. The idea is to compartmentalize the environment into defined units (control volumes) and to write a mathematical expression for the mass balance within the compartment. As with pharmacokinetic models, transfer between compartments can be included as the complexity of the model increases. There is a great deal of subjectivity to assembling a mass balance model. However, each decision to include or exclude a process or compartment is based on one or more assumptions—most of which can be tested at some level. Over time the applicability of various assumptions for particular chemicals and environmental conditions become known and model standardization becomes possible. 

For an introduction to the structures and reactions of carbenes, see (a) Liebman, J. F. Simons, J. in Liebman, J. F. Greenberg, A., Eds. Molecular Structure and Energetics, Volume 1 Chemical Bonding Models VCH Publishers Deerfield Beach, FL, 1986 p. 51 (b) Moss, R. A. Jones, M., Jr., in Jones, M., Jr. Moss, R. A., Eds. Reactive Intermediates, Vol. 2 John Wiley Sons New York, 1981 (c) Kirmse, W. Carbene Chemistry Academic Press New York, 1964 Gilchrist, T. L. Rees, C. W. Carbenes, Nitrenes and Arynes Appleton-Century-Crofts New York, 1969 (d) Mine, J. Divalent Carbon Ronald Press New York, 1964 Bertrand, G. in Moss, R. A. Platz, M. S. Jones, M., Jr., Eds. Reactive Intermediate Chemistry John Wiley Sons Hoboken, NJ, 2004 chapter 8 (e) Jones, M., Jr. Moss, R. A. in Moss, R. A. Platz, M. S. Jones, M., Jr., Eds. Reactive Intermediate Chemistry John Wiley Sons Hoboken, NJ, 2004 chapter 7. 

Chapter 1 of the first volume of this series of Speeiahst Periodical Reports was entitled Eleetric Multipoles, Polarizabilities and Hyperpolarizabilities . A brief overview of the period up to 1998 was given, followed by the review of 1998-1999. Magnetic effects were not included. In the present article the aim is to provide the same kind of brief historical introduction to magnetic effects and then to review the literature on both electric field and magnetic field response fimctions for the period June 1999-May 2001. 

---