Reverse immunology

Chapter 8 describes a number of generalized CA models, including reversible CA, coupled-map lattices, quantum CA, reaction-diffusion models, immunologically motivated CA models, random Boolean networks, sandpile models (in the context of self-organized criticality), structurally dynamic CA (in which the temporal evolution of the value of individual sites of a lattice are dynamically linked to an evolving lattice structure), and simple CA models of combat. 

D-penicillamine a well-recognized complication of the use of D-penicillamine is a myasthenic syndrome. Most reported cases of myasthenic syndrome are women and the ocular muscles appear to be particularly commonly affected at early stages of the abnormality. The onset of the myasthenic syndrome can range between a few months and many years, and is not always reversible. There is a clear immunological basis to this problem, because it is associated with raised anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies circulating in the serum. Antibody levels fall when the drug is withdrawn, and this, in turn, is associated with clinical improvement. How the... 

Similarity of venoms among different sea snakes and Elapidae can also be detected immunologically. For instance, the antibody for Enhydrina schistosa showed cross reactivity with the venoms of Hydrophis cyanocinctus, Lapemis hardwickii, and Pelamis platurus 12). The sea snake antivenin not only neutralizes the toxicity of various sea snake venoms, but also Naja naja atra (Taiwan cobra) venom 13-16). The reverse is also true namely, some Elapidae antivenins are also effective for neutralizing sea snake venom lethality 17-19). 

Schmitt, D. A., Walterscheid, J. R, and Ullrich, S. E., Reversal of ultraviolet radiation-induced immune suppression by recombinant IL-12 Suppression of cytokine production, Immunology 101, 90-98, 2000. 

Immunochemical techniques are based on the immunological reaction derived from the binding of the antibody to the corresponding antigen. This reaction is reversible and is stabilized by electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonds, and Van der Waals interactions. The formed complex has an affinity constant (k j that can achieve values around the order of 1010 M. This great affinity and specificity between the specific antibody and the antigen (or the analyte) have turned these techniques into powerful analytical tools to detect and quantify... 

Martin, S., Pombo, I., Poncet, P., David, B., Arock, M. and Blank, U., 2000, Immunologic stimulation of mast cehs leads to the reversible exposure of phosphatidylserine in the absence of apoptosis. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 123 249-258. 

Immunological methods Methods such as gel-agglutination tests were introduced many years ago (according to Outcherlony) however they are not sufficiently sensitive. Reversed passive latex agglutination kits (SET-RPLA and TST-RPLA) are presently applied for enterotoxin detection and are more sensitive than gel diffusion (Wieneke, 1988). The ELISA technique is also very popular - toxins are detected via VIDAS STAPH ENTEROTOXIN SET and indirect double sandwich ELISA (Meyrand et al., 1998). 

The immunology of /3-lactamases has been studied fairly extensively 16,23,41, 43, 70,115,121-124) and reviewed elsewhere 70,125). At the molecular level, differences in antigenicity could be usually correlated with differences in composition and physical properties 70). On the other hand, reversible changes in antigenicity—without apparent loss of activity—could be correlated with reversible conformational transitions 52). 

Hernandez, H.J., Sharpe, A.H. and Stadecker, M.J. (1999) Experimental murine schistosomiasis in the absence of B7 costimulatory molecules reversal of elicited T cell cytokine profile and partial inhibition of egg granuloma formation. The Journal of Immunology 1 62, 2884-2889. 

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