Detection of enterotoxins

McLauchlin, J., Narayanan, G.L., Mithani, V. and O Neill, G., The detection of enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus by polymerase chain reaction, J. Food Prot., 63, 479-88, 2000. 

Wieneke, A.A., The detection of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 production by strains of Staphylococcus aureus with commercial RPLA kits, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 7, 25-30, 1988. 

Detection of enterotoxin in foods requires sensitive methods, such as the ELISA and RPLA methods. The quantity of enterotoxin present in foods involved in food poisoning outbreaks may vary considerably, from less than 1 ng/g to greater than 50 ng/g. Usually, little difficulty is encountered in detecting enterotoxin in foods involved in food poisoning outbreaks, however, outbreaks do occur in which the amount of enterotoxin is less than 1 ng/g, such as the case with the chocolate milk (Table 8). In such cases, the enterotoxin can be detected only by the most sensitive methods. Another situation in which it is essential to use a very sensitive method is in determining the safety of a food for consumption. In this situation it is necessary to show that no enterotoxin is present by the most sensitive methods available. 

Table 11. Detection of enterotoxins (SE) in foods from outbreaks ...

An RPLA kit produced in Japan is available commercially through Oxoid (Oxoid Limited, Wade Road, Basingstoke, Hants RG24 OOW, England). The method is adequately sensitive for the detection of enterotoxin in most foods that are implicated in food poisoning outbreaks (Igarashi, et al., 1985 Table 13) however, it may be inadequate for detection of the small amounts of enterotoxin that sometimes is present (Table 8). This method is the sensitive method of choice for the examination of staphylococcal strains for the production of enterotoxin. 

Table 14. Food extraction for detection of enterotoxin by ELISA ...

The current procedures are adequate for detection of enterotoxin in foods and it is possible to do them in one day. There is always the request that the time for doing an analysis be shortened, but in reality, there is no great need to obtain results in less than the time now required. We have come a long way in improving the methods for enterotoxin detection in foods, but it is likely that further improvements will be made in the future. 

Homola J., Dostalek J., Chen S., Rasooly A., Jiang S., Yee S.S., Spectral surface plasmon resonance biosensor for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in milk, Intern. J. Food Microbiology 2002 75 61-69. 

Spangler B.D., Wilkinson E.A., Murphyb J.T., Tyler B.J., Comparison of the Spreeta surface plasmon resonance sensor and a quartz crystal microbalance for detection of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins, Analytica Chimica Acta 2001 444 149-161. 

Shriver-Lake L.C, Shubin Y., Ligler F.S., Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in spiked food samples, J. Food Protect. 2003 66 1851-1856. 

Direct detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxins B (SEB) is illustrated in Fig. 14 which shows binding of SEB to the wavelength-modulated SPR sensor surface coated with respective antibodies for five different SEB concentrations". Figure 15 shows the sensor response to binding after 30-minute SEB incubation and initial binding rate as a function of SEB... 

Figure 14. SPR sensor-based detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) ...

Figure 15. Detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B using an SPR biosensor. Sensor response as a function of SEB concentration.

J. Homola, J. Dostalek, S. F. Chen, A. Rasooly, S. Jiang, and S. S. Yee, "Spectral Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B(SEB) in Milk," International Journal of Food Microbiology 75, 61-69 (2002). 

B. D. Spangler,E. A. Wilkinson, J. T. Murphy, and B. J. Tyler, "Comparison of the Spreeta Surface plasmon Resonance Sensor and a Quartz Crystal Microbalance for Detection of Escherichia Coh heat-labile Enterotoxin," Analytica Chimica Acta 444, 149-161 (2001). 

Three groups of methods have been applied to the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins ... 

Naimushin, A. N., Soelberg, S. D., Nguyen, D. K., Dunlap, L., Bartholomew, D., Elkind, J., Melendez, J., and Furlong, C. E. (2002). Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B at femtomolar levels with a miniature integrated two-charmel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. Biosens. Bioelectron. 17, 573-584. 

Nedelkov, D., and Nelson, R. W. (2003). Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B via bio-molecular interaction analysis mass spectrometry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69,5212-5215. 

T. Alefantis, P. Grewal, J. Ashton, A.S. khan, J.J. Valdes and V.G. Del Vecchio, A rapid and sensitive magnetic bead-based immunoassay for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B for high-through put screening, Mol. Cell. Probes, 18 (2004) 379-382. 

M. Aitichou, R. Henkens, A.M. Sultana, R.G. Ulrich and M.S. Ibrahim, Detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A and B genes with PCR-EIA and a hand-held electrochemical sensor, Mol. Cell. Probes, 18 (2004) 373-377. 

In one report, an array of antigens patterned on a substrate was constructed for detection of IgG antibodies from various species. This method, termed miniaturized mosaic immunoassay, is rendered possible by using the PDMS channel for patterning materials [1027]. In another report, various antibodies were patterned via the PDMS channel on a substrate for detection of three antigens FI antigen (from Yersinia pestis), staphylococcal enterotoxin B, and D-dimer (DDi, a marker of sepsis and thrombotic disorder) [1028],... 

Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a causative agent of food poisoning, was achieved by QDs conjugated with polyclonal sheep anti-SEB antibody.57 Moreover, this approach also harbors the possibility of a multiplexed immunoassay (see Fig. 12.3), which was first reported by Goldman et al.58 in 2004 four toxins of interest in food- or water-borne illnesses (cholera toxin, ricin,... 

Medina, M.B. 2003. Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) with surface plasmon resonance biosensor. J Rapid Methods Autom Microbiol 11 225-243. 

Engstrom HA, Andersson PO, Ohlson S (2006) A label-free continuous total-intemal-reflection-fluorescence-based immunosensor. Anal Biochem 357 159-166 Sapsford KE, Rasooly A, Taitt CR et al (2004) Detection of Campylobacter and Shigella species in food samples using an array biosensor. Anal Chem 76 433 140 Sapsford KE, Taitt CR, Loo N et al (2005) Biosensor detection of botulinum toxoid A and staphylococcal enterotoxin B in food. Appl Environ Microbiol 71 5590-5592... 

The staphylococcal toxin must be separated from food constituents and concentrated to detect trace amounts. The toxin is then identified by specific precipitation with antiserum as follows (1) the selective adsorption of the enterotoxin from an extract of the food onto ion exchange resins and (2) the use of physical and chemical procedures for the selective removal of food constituents leaving the enterotoxin in solution. More recently rapid methods based on monoclonal antibodies (e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse passive latex agglutination) have been developed for detecting very low levels of enterotoxin in food. 

Rapid diagnostic assays for detection of toxin agents are available for Botulinum Toxin Clostridium Perfringens Toxin Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B and Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A/C1,2,3/D... 

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