Restraints and Supports

Reaction forces and moments to be used in design of restraints and supports for a piping system, and in evaluating the effects of piping displacements on connected equipment, shall be based on the reaction range,... 

Elements and their relationships in an FE model are shown in Figure 6-1. The part model and the assembly model together with their modifications for FEM and material data constitute the shape and contact information for the FE model. The second structural unit of FEM consists of the mesh and information about finite elements. The environment of the analyzed shape is modeled in the load model where loads and boundary conditions are described. Boundary conditions are restraints and supports at connections between parts as they are described in the assembly model. Less advanced systems cannot get contact information from the assembly model. In this case, single part models should be applied and the boundary conditions are defined by the engineer. Material data, finite element definitions, meshes, and load model element definitions are stored in databases as background information and knowledge for the creation of FE models. Complete FE models can be stored, retrieved, and applied with the same or modified geometry and load model. 

Piping layout, anchors, restraints, guides, and supports for all types of expansion joints shall be designed in accordance with Appendix X, para. X301.2 of ASME B31.3. 

The load from piping and pipe-supporting elements (including restraints and braces) shall be suitably transmitted to a pressure vessel, building, platform, support structure, foundation, or to other piping capable of bearing the load without deleterious effects. 

Pipe Supports Loads transmitted by piping to attached equipment and supporting elements include weight, temperature- and pressure-induced effects, vibration, wind, earthquake, shock, and thermal expansion and contraction. The design of supports and restraints is based on concurrently acting loads (if it is assumed that wind and earthquake do not act simultaneously). 

The debate over human responsibility will always remain at root ethical and philosophical. However, empirical data must be taken into account. A mountain of experimental and clinical data, some of it reviewed in this report, supports the concept that psychoactive substances are frequently associated with an increased rate of disturbed mental and behavior reactions, causing some individuals to act as if they have lost their customary ethical restraint and self-control. 

Group pipelines to minimize the number of pipe supports, restraints, and braces. 

During start-up, the performance of all supports, restraints, and braces should be checked and adjustments made to avoid fatigue failure and unusual distortion with possible leakage. 

Proper use of lap and shoulder belts is critical to protecting passengers in automobiles seats. A similar level of crash protection is required for individuals who remain in their wheelchairs during transportation. Wheelchairs are flexible, higher than a standard automobile seat, and not fixed to the vehicle. The passenger is restrained using a harness of at least one belt to provide pelvic restraint and two shoulder or torso belts that restrain both shoulders. A head support may also be used to prevent rearward motion of the head during impact or rebound. A three point restraint is the combination of a lap belt and a shoulder belt (e.g., pelvic torso restraint, lap-sash restraint, lap-shoulder restraint). 

The primary components of each RS (core, reflectors, and associated supports, restraints, and controls) are contained in the reactor vessel. The nuclear heat is generated in the reactor core. Removal of the heat energy is provided by the Heat Transport System (HTS) with the main circulator providing the driving force to supply helium coolant into an upper core inlet plenum and to draw heated coolant from a bottom core outlet plenum. The primary coolant is distributed to numerous coolant channels running vertically through the core. The outlet plenum directs the flow to the central portion of the coaxial cross duct which channels the helium flow to the steam generator vessel (see Chapter 5). 

The core lateral restraint and the permanent reflector surround the core the graphite core support structure and metallic core support structure are located below the core the upper plenum thermal protection structure is located above the core and the hot duct is located within the cross duct between the reactor vessel and the steam generator vessel. 

The general arrangement of the RISS comprising the core lateral restraint, core support structures, PSR, upper plenum thermal protection structure, and hot duct is shown in Figure 4.4-1. 

Today, the hospital pharmacist is still mandated to control the supply chain, however there are challenges firom supply chain professionals supported by those who consider medicines to be no different firom any other commodity. Procurement now has to take place in an environment that has more and more budget restraints and external paralysing constraints induced by unwanted dependencies of third party suppliers and sometimes even drug shortages. If the skills are lost, important financial resources would be needed to reactivate lost know-how related to neglected technical equipment or outsourced activities. However, such time is not available in situations such as medicines shortages. Consequently, re-adaption may cost more than ever could have been saved. 

The reactor vessel is the container and support structure for the reactor core, the primary sodium, and the internal structures. These components provide shielding, flow passages, thermal barriers, sealing and restraint surfaces, and load transfer paths. The reactor vessel performs its support and containment functions during the temperature, pressure, and load variations which occur during its operating lifetime. The reactor... 

Elimination of large reactor coolant piping, reducing the number of supports and restraints, and reducing the impact of a LOCA. This permits the use of simplified safety systems and a smaller, less expensive containment. 

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